by Peter Mikulecky,PhD Advanced Science Teacher,Fusion Learning Center Michelle Rose Gilman Founder/CEO Fusion Learning Center Brian Peterson Science Department Chair,Fusion Learning Center AP Biology FOR DUMmIES ‰ 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page iii 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page ii AP Biology FOR DUMmIES ‰ 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page i 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page ii by Peter Mikulecky,PhD Advanced Science Teacher,Fusion Learning Center Michelle Rose Gilman Founder/CEO Fusion Learning Center Brian Peterson Science Department Chair,Fusion Learning Center AP Biology FOR DUMmIES ‰ 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page iii AP Biology For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600. 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Library of Congress Control Number: 2008920598 ISBN: 978-0-470-22487-8 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page iv About the Authors Peter Mikulecky: Peter Mikulecky grew up in Milwaukee, an area of Wisconsin unique for its high human-to-cow ratio. After a breezy four-year tour in the Army, Peter earned a BS in bio- chemistry and molecular biology from the University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire and a PhD in biological chemistry from Indiana University. With science seething in his DNA, he sought to infect others with a sense of molecular wonderment. Having taught, tutored, and mentored in classroom and laboratory environments, Peter was happy to find a home at Fusion Learning Center and Fusion Academy. There, he enjoys persuading students that biology and chemistry are in fact fascinating journeys, not entirely designed to inflict pain on hapless teenagers. His military training occasionally aids him in this effort. Michelle Rose Gilman: Michelle Rose Gilman is most proud to be known as Noah’s mom (Hi Munch!). A graduate of the University of South Florida, Michelle found her niche early and at 19 was already working with emotionally disturbed and learning disabled students in hospital settings. At 21 she made the trek to California, and there she found her passion for helping teenage students become more successful in school and life. What started as a small tutoring business in the garage of her California home quickly expanded and grew to the point where traffic control was necessary on her residential street. Today, Michelle is the Founder and CEO of Fusion Learning Center and Fusion Academy, a private school and tutoring/test-prep facility in Solana Beach, California, serving over 2,000 students per year. She is the author of ACT For Dummies, Precalculus For Dummies, and other books on self-esteem, writing, and motivational topics. Michelle has overseen dozens of pro- grams over the last 20 years, focusing on helping kids become healthy adults. She currently specializes in motivating unmotivatable adolescents, comforting their shell-shocked parents, and assisting her staff of 35 teachers. Michelle lives by the following motto: “There are people content with longing; I am not one of them.” Brian Peterson: Brian remembers a love for science going back to his own AP Biology high school class. At the University of San Diego, Brian majored in Biology and minored in Chemistry, with a pre-med emphasis. Before embarking to medical school, Brian took a young- adult-professional detour and found himself at Fusion Learning Center/Fusion Academy, an independent private school, where he quickly discovered a love of teaching. Years later, he finds himself the Science Department Head at Fusion and oversees a staff of 11 science teach- ers. Brian, also known as “Beeps” by his favorite students, is committed to encouraging the love of science in his students by offering unique and innovative science curricula. 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page v Dedication We would like to dedicate this book to all the students who motivate us to be better teachers, and to everyone who has waited patiently for us while we wrote this book: We are now ready to play! 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page vi Authors’ Acknowledgments Thanks to Bill Gladstone from Waterside Productions for being an amazing agent and for not only giving us the opportunity to write this book but believing enough in us to continue giving us more. You’re a brave man, Bill! Thanks to our Wiley editors, Stacy Kennedy and, especially, Jennifer Connolly for her constant humor, compassion, and salt lick. 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page vii Publisher’s Acknowledgments We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/. Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following: Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Project Editor: Jennifer Connolly Acquisitions Editor: Stacy Kennedy Copy Editor: Jennifer Connolly Technical Editor: Barry Ludvik Senior Editorial Manager: Jennifer Ehrlich Editorial Supervisor: Carmen Krikorian Editorial Assistants: Erin Calligan Mooney, Joe Niesen, Leeann Harney, David Lutton Cover Photos: © David Chasey/Getty Images Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com) Composition Services Project Coordinator: Kristie Rees Layout and Graphics: Claudia Bell, Carrie A. Cesavice, Reuben W. Davis, Stephanie D. Jumper Proofreaders: Laura Albert, Susan Moritz, Evelyn W. Still Indexer: Galen Schroeder Publishing and Editorial for Consumer Dummies Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher, Consumer Dummies Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director, Consumer Dummies Kristin A. Cocks, Product Development Director, Consumer Dummies Michael Spring, Vice President and Publisher, Travel Kelly Regan, Editorial Director, Travel Publishing for Technology Dummies Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher, Dummies Technology/General User Composition Services Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services 01_224878 ffirs.qxp 1/31/08 12:10 AM Page viii