AOSpine Maste rs Se rie s Spinal Co rd Injury and Re g e ne ratio n AOSpine Mast e rs Se rie s Spinal Co rd Injury and Re g e ne ratio n Series Editor: Luiz Roberto Vialle, MD, PhD Professor of Orthopedics, School of Medicine Catholic University of Parana State Spine Unit Curitiba, Brazil Guest Editors: Michael G. Fehlings, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS Head Spinal Program and Senior Scientist McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network Professor of Neurosurgery Vice Chair Research Halbert Chair in Neural Repair and Regeneration Co-Chairman Spinal Program Division of Neurosurgery Department of Surgery University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Norbert Weidner, MD Professor and Chair Spinal Cord Injury Center Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany With 31 f gures Thiem e New York • Stuttgart • Delhi • Rio de Janeiro Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Ave. New York, NY 10001 Executive Editor: William Lamsback Managing Editor: Sarah Landis Director, Editorial Services: Mary Jo Casey Editorial Assistant: Haley Paskalides Production Editor: Barbara A. Chernow International Production Director: Andreas Schabert Vice President, Editorial and E-Product Development: Vera Spillner International Marketing Director: Fiona Henderson International Sales Director: Louisa Turrell Director of Sales, North America: Mike Roseman Senior Vice President and Chief Operating O cer: Sarah Vanderbilt President: Brian D. Scanlan Compositor: Carol Pierson, Chernow Editorial Services, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Vialle, Luiz Roberto, editor. | Fehlings, Michael, editor. | Weidner, Norbert, editor. | AOSpine International (Firm), sponsoring body. Title: AOSspine masters series. V. 7, Spinal cord injury and regeneration / editors, Luiz Roberto Vialle, Michael G. Fehlings, Norbert Weidner. Other titles: Spinal cord injury and regeneration Description: New York : Thieme, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identi ers: LCCN 2016021476 (print) | LCCN 2016021669 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626232273 (alk. paper) | ISBN 9781626232280 Subjects: | MESH: Spinal Cord Injuries—therapy | Spinal Cord Regeneration Classi cation: LCC RA645.S66 (print) | LCC RA645.S66 (ebook) | NLM WL 403 | DDC 617.4/82044—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016021476 Copyright ©2017 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every e ort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book. Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ lea ets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers di er from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are eitherrarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed. If errors in this work are found after publication, errata will be posted at www.thieme.com on the product description page. 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Printed in China by Everbest Printing Ltd. 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978-1-62623-227-3 Also available as an e-book: eISBN 978-1-62623-228-0 AOSpine Maste rs Se rie s Luiz Roberto Vialle, MD, PhD Series Editor Volume 1 Metastatic Spinal Tumors Volume 2 Primary Spinal Tumors Volume 3 Cervical Degenerative Conditions Volume 4 Adult Spinal Deformities Volume 5 Cervical Spine Trauma Volume 6 Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma Volume 7 Spinal Cord Injury and Regeneration Volume 8 Back Pain Volume 9 Pediatric Spinal Deformities Volume 10 Spinal Infection Co nte nts Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Luiz Roberto Vialle Guest Editors’ Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Michael G. Fehlings and Norbert Weidner 1 Pathobiology of Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Hiroaki Nakashima, Narihito Nagoshi, and Michael G. Fehlings 2 Assessment of Functional Status and Outcomes of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Christian Schuld and Norbert Weidner 3 Serum and CSF Biomarkers to Predict Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . 25 Seth S. Tigchelaar and Brian K. Kwon 4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Injured Spinal Cord: The Present and the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Allan R. Martin, Julien Cohen-Adad, and Michael G. Fehlings 5 Acute Nonoperative Management of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Joshua S. Catapano, Gregory W.J. Haw ryluk, and Michael G. Fehlings 6 Role and Timing of Surgery for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: What Do We Know and What Should We Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Christopher D. Witiw and Michael G. Fehlings 7 Methylprednisolone As a Valid Option for Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Reassessment of the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Michael G. Fehlings and Newton Cho 8 Neuroprotection of the Injured Spinal Cord: What Does the Future Hold? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Christopher S. Ahuja and Michael G. Fehlings 9 Hydrogel Biomaterials in Spinal Cord Repair and Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Manuel Ingo Günther, Thomas Schackel, Norbert Weidner, and Armin Blesch viii Contents 10 Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Ina K. Simeonova, Beatrice Sandner, and Norbert Weidner 11 Strategies to Overcome the Inhibitory Environment of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Elizabeth J. Bradbury and Emily R. Burnside 12 Functional Electrical Stimulation and Neuromodulation Approaches to Enhance Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 César Márquez-Chin, Emilie Sagripanti, and Milos R. Popovic 13 Advanced Rehabilitation Strategies for Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 William Z. Rymer, Sheila Burt, and Arun Jayaraman 14 Brain–Computer Interfaces to Enhance Function After Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Rüdiger Rupp Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193