195 ACTA Acta stomatol Croat. 2017;51(3):195-206. STOMATOLOGICA DOI: 10.15644/asc51/3/3 CROATICA IZVORNI ZNANSTVENI RAD www.ascro.hr ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER Gloria Staka, Flurije Asllani-Hoxha, Venera Bimbashi Antropometrijske mjere lica u populaciji odraslih kosovskih Albanaca Facial Anthropometric Norms among Kosovo - Albanian Adults Zavod za stomatološku protetiku, Studij dentalne medicine, Medicinski fakultet Sveučilišta u Prištini i Sveučilišni stomatološki klinički centar Republike Kosovo Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, and University Dentistry Clinical Center of Republic of Kosovo Sažetak Zaprimljen: 20. siječnja 2017. Razvoj antropometrijskog profila kraniofacijalne regije određene populacije važan je multidiscipli- Prihvaćen: 1. lipnja 2017. narni zadatak. Svrha istraživanja bila je utvrditi antropometrijske mjere i istražiti spolni dimorfizam s obzirom na varijable lica među odraslom populacijom kosovskih Albanaca. Ispitanici i metode: Uzo- Adresa za dopisivanje rak je uključivao 204 studenta Stomatoloskog Odseka, Medicinskog Fakulteta, Sveuciliste u Pristi- Venera Bimbashi ni, Kosova. Direktnom metodom na svakom je subjektu provedeno 8 standardnih antropometrijskih University of Prishtina mjerenja na licu digitalnom pomičnom mjerkom s točnošću od 0,01 mm (Boss, Hamburg, Njemačka). Republic of Kosovo Izračunati su normativni podaci i rangovi postotaka. Analizirane su spolne razlike u varijablama lica s Dental School, Faculty of Medicine pomoću t-testa za neovisne uzorke (p < 0,05). Za svaku dobivenu mjeru lica izračunat je indeks spol- Department of Prosthodontics Rrethi nog dimorfizma (ISD) i postotak spolnog dimorfizma. Rezultati: Normativni podaci za sva antropome- i Spitalit trijska mjerenja lica kod muškaraca bili su veći nego kod žena. Muške prosječne standardne vrijed- p.n. 10000 Pristina, Republic of nosti statistički su se značajno razlikovale od ženskih (p > 0,05). Najveći indeks spolnog dimorfizma Kosovo (ISD-a) pronađen je za visinu donje trećine lica s 1,120, za koju je utvrđen i najveći postotak spolnog [email protected] dimorfizma, 12,01 %. Najmanji ISD pronađen je za interkantalnu udaljenost s 1,022, uz najmanji po- stotak spolnog dimorfizma, tj. 2,23 %. Zaključak: Na temelju dobivenih rezultata uspostavljene su Ključne riječi antropometrijske norme lica za odraslu populaciju kosovskih Albanaca. Spolni dimorfizam potvrđen kefalometrija; spolni dimorfizam; an- je za svaku mjeru lica. tropometrijske mjere lica; Kosovo; Al- banci, odrasli Uvod Introduction Kraniofacijalna antropometrija, kao važan dio antropolo- Craniofacial anthropometry, as an important part of an- gije i medicine, koristi se za određivanje morfoloških značajki thropology and medicine, is used for determination of mor- glave i lica (1). Kraniofacijalna regija je najsloženiji i poseban phological characteristic of the head and face (1). The cranio- dio tijela koji se sastoji od 22 zasebne kosti s 20 mliječnih i facial region represents the most complex and special part of 32 stalna zuba (2). Istraživanja ljudske morfologije lica mo- the body, consisting of 22 separate bones in addition to 20 gu se primijeniti na različitim područjima, uključujući antro- deciduous and 32 permanent teeth (2). Studies of human fa- pologiju i genetiku (3). Morfologija lica važna je fenotipska cial morphology can impact various areas including anthro- značajka koja pomaže u dijagnostici nekoliko kraniomaksilo- pology and genetics (3). Facial morphology is an important facijalnih i genetskih poremećaja (4). Na morfološke značajke phenotypic feature that aids in the diagnostic of several crani- kod ljudi utječu ekološki, biološki, geografski, rasni, etnički, omaxillofacial and genetic disorders (4). Morphological char- rodni i dobni čimbenici (5 – 9). acteristics in human beings are affected by ecological, biolog- Kako bi se uspješno liječile različite malformacije, poput ical, geographical, racial, ethnic, gender and age factors (5-9). kongenitalnih malformacija i/ili posttraumatskih deformaci- In order to successfully treat various deformities such as ja lica u različitim etničkim skupinama, kirurzi trebaju ima- congenital facial malformation and/or post-traumatic facial ti pristup bazama podataka temeljenih na antropometrijskim disfigurements in different ethnics groups, surgeons need an mjerenjima kraniofacijalne regije. Za mnoge etničke i rasne access to databases based on correct anthropometric cranio- skupine uspostavljene su forenzičke norme u kojima su doka- facial measurements. For many ethnic and racial groups, the zane razlike među skupinama i definirane standardne vrijed- forensic norms have been set up where the differences among hr o. nosti (10). Standardizirani podaci mjera lica potrebni su za racial/ethnic groups have been proved and normative data cr s a specifično određivanje razine odstupanja od norme. Nadalje, have been developed (10). The normative data of facial mea- w. w normirani podaci vrlo su korisni za plastične kirurge i medi- surements are necessary to a specific determination of the w 196 Staka i sur. Antropometrijske mjere lica odraslih kosovskih Albanaca cinske stručnjake čiji rad uključuje korekciju i analizu razli- level of deviations from the norm. Furthermore, the norma- čitih oštećenja, malformacija ili posttraumatskih deformaci- tive data have significant implications for facial plastic sur- ja lica i glave (11). geons and medical professionals whose work involves correc- Spolni dimorfizam postoji u različitim oblicima kod svih tion and analysis of different impairments, malformations or ljudi. Općenito, odnosi se na razlike između muških i žen- post-traumatic disfigurements of the face and head (11). skih jedinki iste vrste što se tiče veličine, izgleda i ponašanja Sexual dimorphisms exist in various forms in all humans. (12). Iako ljudi pokazuju relativno malo spolnog dimorfiz- In general, it refers to differences between males and females ma u usporedbi s ostalim primatima, muškarci i žene i da- of the same species in terms of size, appearance, and behav- lje se u prosjeku razlikuju u mnogim fizičkim obilježjima, iours (12). Although humans show relatively little sexual di- kao što su visina i mišićna masa. U ortodontskoj, forenzič- morphism compared with other primates, males and females koj i antropološkoj literaturi dobro je dokumentirano da se still differ, on average, in many physical features of physical muškarci i žene razlikuju u različitim aspektima kada je riječ appearance such as height and muscle mass. In orthodontic, o kraniofacijalnom kompleksu (13). I dalje se vjeruje da je forensic and anthropological literature, it has been well doc- spolni dimorfizam u kraniofacijalnoj regiji povezan s odabi- umented that males and females differ in various aspects re- rom partnera i seksualnim ponašanjem, što je rezultiralo ra- garding the craniofacial complex (13). It is still believed that zlikama u fizičkim svojstvima između muškaraca i žena. Te sexual dimorphism in the crania within a genius or species is razlike uključuju veće i izražajnije čeone grebene, masivnije related to sexual selection and mating preference, which has lubanje i izraženije nosove i nosne šupljine kod muškaraca. resulted in differences in physical attributes between males Žene imaju veće oči, manju čeljust i nos te sveukupno gracil- and females. These differences include larger, and heavier nije su građe (14). Karakterizacija spolnog dimorfizma ljud- brow ridges, more robust crania, and more pronounced noses skoga kraniofacijalnog kompleksa važna je za mnogobrojna and nasal cavities in males. Females have larger eyes, smaller područja, uključujući antropologiju, forenziku, kognitivnu jaws and noses and an overall more gracile appearance (14). znanost, plastičnu i rekonstruktivnu kirurgiju i ortodonciju Characterizing sexual dimorphism of the human craniofacial (12, 15 – 18). Međutim, najveći broj objavljenih istraživanja complex is of interest to numerous fields, including physi- usredotočuje se na spolne razlike koje se odnose na lubanju cal anthropology, forensics, cognitive science, plastic and re- (15, 19, 20). Spolni dimorfizam na kraniofacijalnom mekom constructive surgery and orthodontics (12, 15-18). Howev- tkivu kod odraslih osoba također je opsežno dokumentiran er, the largest number of studies in the literature focuses on (10, 21 – 25) sex differences involving the skull (15, 19, 20). A sexual di- Mnogi su znanstvenici prepoznali važnost istraživanja morphism in craniofacial soft tissue has also been extensively spolnog dimorfizma i korist od prepoznavanja specifičnosti demonstrated in adults (10, 21-25) stanovništva (26). Genetska pozadina određuje fizička svojsva Many scientists recognized the importance of the research i čini svako stanovništvo jedinstvenim, među ostalim i prema on sexual dimorphism and have since determined the use- spolnom dimorfizmu (27). Važno je uspostaviti bazu za svaku fulness of recognizing population specific traits and values populaciju i stvoriti unutarpopulacijske standarde mjera lica i (26). The genetic background determines physical qualities spolnog dimorfizma. Trenutačno su dostupni vrlo ograničeni and characteristics and makes each population unique in its podaci o antropometrijskim mjerama lica u populaciji kosov- characterization as well as in sexual dimorphism (27). It is skih Albanaca. Ovo je istraživanje osmišljeno radi utvrđivanja important to establish a baseline for each distinct population antropometrijskih mjera lica i istraživanja spolnog dimorfiz- and to create intra-population standards of facial measure- ma varijabli lica u populaciji kosovskih Albanaca. ments and sexual dimorphism. At present, very limited da- ta are available regarding the facial anthropometric norms in Kosovo Albanian population. The present study was designed to establish the facial anthropometric norms and to investi- gate the sexual dimorphism in facial variables among Kosovo Albanian population. Ispitanici i metode Materials and methods Odabir ispitanika Subjects and sample selection Uzorak za ovo istraživanje obuhvaćao je 204 studen- The sample for this study included 204 students of the ta Stomatoloskog Odseka, Medicinskog Fakulteta, Sveucili- Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina. ste u Pristini. Među njima 101 muškarac i 103 žene u dobi There were 101 males and 103 females ranging in age from od 18 do 30 godina. Istraživanje je odobrilo Etičko povje- 18 to 30 years. The study was approved by the Ethics Com- renstvo Stomatološkog fakulteta pri Medicinskom fakulte- mittee of the Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Univer- tu Sveučilišta u Prištini, Republika Kosovo (referentni broj: sity of Pristina, Republic of Kosovo (Reference Number: hr 2363/2005). Da bi sudjelovali u istraživanju, ispitanici su 2363/2005). In order to participate in the study, the subjects o. cr morali biti izvorni kosovski Albanci, uključujući sva četiri had to be native Kosovo-Albanian, all four grandparents. The s a w. djeda i bake. Sudionici su se složili da donesu rodne listove participants agreed to bring birth certificates from both par- w w roditelja kojima su potvrdili podrijetlo djedova i baka. Uz to, ents, wherein the origin of both grandparents was confirmed. Staka et al. Facial Anthropometric Norms Among Kosovo-Albanian Adults 197 kako bi bili uključeni u istraživanje, u povijesti bolesti nisu In addition to that, the inclusion criteria was no facial trau- smjeli imati traume lica ili ortodontsku terapiju, rekonstruk- mas in their health history or orthodontic treatments, facial ciju lica ili estetsku plastičnu operaciju, ortognatsku kirurgiju reconstruction or aesthetic plastic surgery, orthognathic sur- ili bilo koje drugo zdravstveno stanje koje bi moglo utjecati gery, or any other medical condition that might affect the na strukturni integritet glave i lica. Nadalje, u obiteljskoj po- structural integrity of the head and face. Furthermore, there vijesti nije smjelo biti nikakvih kraniofacijalnih anomalija ili were no family histories of any craniofacial anomalies or syn- sindroma koji su uključivali kraniofacijalni kompleks. Svi su dromes that involved the craniofacial complex. All subjects ispitanici pregledani prije uključivanja u istraživanje i dobro were screened for those criteria prior to inclusion in this study su informirani o svrsi i postupku istraživanja. Prije početka, and were well informed on the purpose and the procedure of svi su dali pisani informirani pristanak. Mjerenja je provo- the research. Prior to the start of the study, they all provided a dio jedan ispitivač kako bi se smanjila interopservacijska va- written informed consent Measurements were carried out by rijacija. Kako bi se smanjila intraopservacijska pogreška, sva- a single examiner to reduce interobserver error. To minimize ko mjerenje ponovljeno je tri puta te je zabilježena prosječna the intra-observer error, each measurement was taken three vrijednost. times and the average of the three values was noted. Antropometrijska mjerenja lica Anthropometrical facial measurements Korištenjem direktne antropometrije na svakom je ispita- Using direct anthropometry, a series of 8 standard fa- niku provedeno 8 standardnih mjerenja lica prema Kolaru i cial measurements by Kolar and Salter (28) was performed Salteru (28), s pomoću digitalne pomične mjerke s točnošću on each subject with digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 od 0,01 mm (Boss, Hamburg, Njemačka). Opisi svih mjere- mm (Boss, Hamburg-Germany). The descriptions of all facial nja lica navedeni su u Tablici 1. Kako bi se smanjila intraop- measurements are listed in Table 1. To minimize intra-ob- servacijska pogreška, sva mjerenja ponovljena su tri puta, a server error, all the measurements were taken three times and prosječne vrijednosti korištene su za analizu. the average values were utilized for the analysis. Tablica 1. Popis direktnih antropometrijskih mjera korištenih u ovom istraživanju (Kolar i Salter, 1997.) Table 1 List of the direct anthropometric measurements used in the present study (Kolar and Salter,1997) Skraćenica • Mjera • Measurement Opis • Description Abbreviation Interkantalna udaljenost • Udaljenost između desnog i lijevog endokantiona (unutarnjeg kuta oka) • The straight distance en-en Intercanthal width between right and left endocanthion Indeks lica • n-gn Udaljenost od točke nasion do točke gnathion • The straight distance from nasion to gnathionheight Morphological facial Visina donje trećine lica • sn-gn Udaljenost od točke subnasale do točke gnathion • The straight distance from subnasale to gnathion Lower facial height Maksimalna širina lica • Udaljenost od najlateralnijih točaka obaju zigomatičnih lukova • The straight distance between most zy-zy Maximum facial width lateral point on both zygomatic arches Visina nosa • Nasal height n-sn Udaljenost od točke nasion do točke subnasale • The straight distance from nasion to subnasale Širina nosa • Nasal width al-al Udaljenost od lijeve do desne točke alare • The straight distance between right and leftalare Širina labijalnih fisura • ch-ch Udaljenost od desne do lijeve točke cheilion • The straight distance between right and left cheilion Labial fissure width Širina mandibule • go-go Udaljenost od desne do lijeve točke gonion • The straight distance between right and left gonion Mandibular width Statistička analiza Statistical analysis Normativni podaci dobiveni su za reprezentativnu popu- Normative data were obtained by administering the test laciju kosovskih Albanaca, muškaraca i žena, kako bi se utvr- for representative sample population, among Albanian males dile antropometrijske norme lica. Normativni podaci izra- and females in Kosovo in order to establish facial anthropo- čunati su primjenom metoda deskriptivne analize: srednje metric norms. Normative data were calculated by applying vrijednosti, medijan, modus, raspon (maksimalne i minimal- the methods of descriptive analysis: mean median, mode, ne vrijednosti) i rang postotaka. Spolne razlike u varijablama range (maximum and minimum values) and percentiles lica analizirane su s pomoću t-testa za neovisne uzorke. Sta- rankings. The gender differences in the facial variables were tistička ispitivanja provedena su u programu SPSS 20 (SPSS analyzed using t test for independent samples. The statistical Inc., Chicago, IL, SAD) i Excelu 2007 (Microsoft Corpora- tests were performed with SPSS 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, tion, Redmond, WA, SAD). Razina značajnosti postavljena USA) and Excel 2007 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, je na p < 0,05. WA, USA). The significance level was set up at p<0.05. hr o. Spolni dimorfizam varijabli lica analiziran je indeksom The sexual dimorphism between facial variables was ana- cr s a spolnog dimorfizma (ISD): lyzed using the index of sexual dimorphism (ISD): w. w ISD = Xm/Xž ISD = Xm / Xf w 198 Staka i sur. Antropometrijske mjere lica odraslih kosovskih Albanaca Xm = srednja vrijednost za muškarce; Xž = srednja vrijed- Xm = mean value for males; Xf = mean values for females. nost za žene. Taj indeks upućuje na razinu razlike među spo- This index indicated the level of difference between sexes. The lovima. Vrijednosti oko 1 pokazale su najnižu razinu spolne values close to 1 indicated the lowest level of sexual difference razlike, a povećanjem iznad 1 povećavala se razina spolne ra- and, by increasing the distance from 1, the level of sexual dif- zlike [29]. ference increased [29]. Postotak spolnog dimorfizma za svako mjerenje izraču- The percentage of sexual dimorphism for each measure- nat je korištenjem jednadžbe prema Garnu i Lewisu [30], ka- ment was calculated using the formula given by Garn and ko slijedi: Lewis [30], as follows: % = Xm/Xž-1x100 % = Xm/Xf-1x100 Xm = srednja vrijednost za muškarce; Xž = srednja vri- Xm = mean value for males; Xf = mean values for females. jednost za žene. Rezultati Results U Tablicama 2. i 3. prikazani su prosječni rezultati mje- The average facial measurements and normative data, renja lica i normativni podaci za odrasle kosovske Albance for the Kosovo-Albanian adults, males, and females (mean, (srednja vrijednost, medijan, modus, standardna devijacija, median, mode, standard deviation, range, and percentiles) raspon i postoci). Norme su utvrđene za oba spola za niz od are presented in Table 2 and Table 3. Decile norms were es- osam standardnih mjera lica izmjerenih u milimetrima. Me- tablished for both, males and females for all series of eight dijan vrijednosti svih antropometrijskih mjerenja lica bio je standard facial measurements which were measured in mil- veći kod muškaraca nego kod žena. Tablica 4. prikazuje us- limeters. The median values for all facial anthropometric poredbu prosječnih mjera lica muškaraca i žena kosovsko-al- measurements were higher in males than in females. Table 4 banske populacije. Sva mjerenja pokazala su statistički zna- shows comparison between the average facial measurements čajnu razliku kada su muške prosječne mjere uspoređene sa of the males and females of the Kosovo-Albanian population. ženskima (p > 0,05). All of the measurements have shown a statistically significant Indeks spolnog dimorfizma (ISD) i postotak svakog mje- difference when male average measures were compared to fe- renja lica izračunati su i prikazani u Tablici 5. Najviši ISD bio male ones (p>0.05). je 1,120 za visinu donje trećine lica, koja je imala i najveći po- The index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) and percentage of stotak spolnog dimorfizma, 12,01 %. Najmanji ISD utvrđen each facial measurements were calculated and presented in Ta- je za interkantalnu širinu, 1,022 (najniži postotak spolnog di- ble 5. The highest ISD was 1.120 for the lower facial height, morfizma 2,23 %). which also had the highest percentage of sexual dimorphism, 12.01%.The lowest ISD was found for the intercanthal width, 1.022, (the lowest percentage of sexual dimorphism 2.23%). Tablica 2. Norme antropometrijskih mjera lica za mušku populaciju kosovskih Albanaca (mm) Table 2 Facial anthropometric norms among males in Kosovo - Albanian population (mm) Mjera • Measurements en-en n-gn sn-gn zy-zy n-sn al-al ch-ch go-go N 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 Sredina • Mean 32.49 125.82 72.44 131.93 55.26 36.90 51.99 110.34 Medijan • Median 32.19 125.39 72.11 132.00 55.05 36.39 52.12 110.00 Modus • Mode 30.00 120.00 72.11 125.00 51.94 35.57 51.51 110.00 SD 2.590 6.366 5.695 6.724 3.567 2.669 3.238 5.944 Min 25.72 106.00 55.78 118.00 46.49 30.29 42.52 95.00 Max 38.78 143.00 84.80 148.61 64.54 43.86 60.14 127.01 Rangovi postotaka • Percentiles 10 29.04 118.88 65.15 123.00 50.85 33.70 48.16 103.20 20 30.12 120.92 67.50 125.00 52.14 34.69 49.17 105.00 30 31.00 121.70 68.95 128.00 52.99 35.50 50.59 107.00 40 31.64 123.41 71.03 130.00 54.18 35.95 51.50 109.00 50 32.19 125.39 72.11 132.00 55.05 36.39 52.12 110.00 60 33.36 127.48 73.13 135.00 55.97 37.55 52.58 110.00 70 33.88 128.81 75.63 136.00 57.27 38.31 53.40 113.00 80 34.81 131.15 78.28 137.00 58.57 39.08 55.03 115.00 hr 90 36.22 134.55 80.86 140.00 59.68 40.53 55.63 118.00 o. cr s a w. w w Staka et al. Facial Anthropometric Norms Among Kosovo-Albanian Adults 199 Tablica 3. Norme antropometrijskih mjera lica za žensku populaciju kosovskih Albanaca (mm) Table 3 Facial anthropometric norms among females in Kosovo - Albanian population (mm) Mjera • Measurements en-en n-gn sn-gn zy-zy n-sn al-al ch-ch go-go N 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 Sredina • Mean 31.78 115.53 64.67 123.93 52.01 33.12 49.06 103.39 Medijan • Median 31.64 116.14 65.03 125.00 51.87 33.34 49.20 104.00 Modus • Mode 30.00 116.00 64.25 120.00 50.10 31.01 50.77 100.00 SD 2.250 5.004 4.7343 5.593 3.011 2.224 2.961 4.96 Min 27.61 103.00 51.13 110.00 44.24 27.60 38.50 93.00 Max 38.52 130.00 77.55 135.00 61.13 38.04 56.16 113.66 Rangovi postotaka • Percentiles 10 28.97 108.98 57.87 116.00 48.16 30.19 45.60 95.80 20 29.78 110.71 61.33 119.75 50.10 31.10 46.81 99.00 30 30.33 112.64 62.82 120.00 50.70 31.83 47.83 100.00 40 31.02 114.62 64.14 122.17 51.26 32.82 48.60 102.00 50 31.64 116.14 65.03 125.00 51.87 33.34 49.20 104.00 60 32.19 117.48 65.70 126.00 52.67 33.91 49.82 105.00 70 32.94 118.49 66.77 127.00 53.20 34.35 50.64 105.00 80 33.52 119.61 68.49 130.00 54.31 34.91 51.19 108.04 90 34.97 121.58 70.05 130.60 55.22 35.71 52.65 110.00 Tablica 4. Usporedba antropometrijskih mjera lica među spolovima Table 4 Comparison of facial anthropometric measurements between genders Mjera • Spol • Gender X SD t p Measurements Muški • Male 32.4894 2.58993 en-en 2.078 0.039 Ženski • Female 31.7839 2.25061 Muški • Male 125.82 6.366 n-gn 12.857 0.001 Ženski • Female 115.53 5.004 Muški • Male 72.4441 5.69554 sn-gn 10.611 0.001 Ženski • Female 64.6699 4.73377 Muški • Male 131.9334 6.72387 zy-zy 9.244 0.001 Ženski • Female 123.9349 5.59267 Muški • Male 55.2624 3.56725 n-sn 7.040 0.001 Ženski • Female 52.0110 3.01098 Muški • Male 36.9047 2.66910 al-al 11.022 0.001 Ženski • Female 33.1163 2.22378 Muški • Male 51.9873 3.23829 ch-ch 6.743 0.001 Ženski • Female 49.0588 2.96146 Muški • Male 110.3370 5.94436 go-go 9.069 0.001 Ženski • Female 103.3901 4.96090 t-test za nezavisne uzorke, p < 0,05 • t-test for independent samples, p<0.05. Tablica 5. Indeks spolnog dimorfizma i postotak spolnog Mjera • Measurement ISD % dimorfizma za svaku antropometrijsku mjeru lica en-en 1.022 2.23 Table 5 Index of sexual dimorphism and percentage of sexual dimorphism of each facial measurement n-gn 1.088 8.87 sn-gn 1.120 12.01 zy-zy 1.064 6.45 n-sn 1.062 6.24 al-al 1.114 11.41 ch-ch 1.059 5.97 go-go 1.067 6.72 o.hr ISD = Omjer srednje vrijednosti kod muškaraca nakon dijeljenja sa srednjom scr a vrijednosti kod žena • Ratio of male mean value divided by female mean w. value w w 200 Staka i sur. Antropometrijske mjere lica odraslih kosovskih Albanaca Rasprava Discussion U ovom istraživanju prikupljeni su kvantitativni podaci In the present study, quantitative data of the facial area mjerenja lica provedenih na tipičnim predstavnicima odrasle measures were collected in typical individuals among Koso- populacije kosovskih Albanaca. Velika varijabilnost obiljež- vo Albanian adults. The widespread variability in the human ja ljudskog lica potvrđuje njegovu individualnost. Mjerenja face confirms its individuality. The measurements selected provedena u ovom istraživanju obuhvaćala su osam mjerenja for this study consisted of eight measurements which were čija je svrha bila izraditi odgovarajuću sliku morfološke konfi- performed for development of a suitable figure of the facial guracije facijalnog kompleksa. Metodologija i kriteriji uklju- complex morphological configuration. The methodology and čivanja odabrani su tako da se omogući razvoj normativnih inclusion criteria were selected to develop facial normative mjera lica koje mogu pomoći u budućoj analizi, dijagnozi i values that can assist in future analysis, diagnosis, and plan- planiranju korekcija različitih oštećenja, u ortognatskoj ki- ning of correction of different impairments, orthognathic rurgiji ili ortodontskom liječenju, korekciji malformacija ili surgery or orthodontic treatment, malformations or post- posttraumatskih deformacija lica kod odraslih kosovskih Al- traumatic disfigurements of the face for Kosovo Albanian banaca. U istraživanje su uključene odrasle osobe obaju spo- adults. Adults of both sexes 18 to 30 years of age were includ- lova u dobi od 18 do 30 godina. Farkas i sur. izradili su bazu ed in this study. Farkas et al., have established a data base of podataka s antropometrijskim mjerama lica koristeći se me- anthropometric measurements made on the face, using the todom manualne antropometrije na 25 različitih populacija, method of manual anthropometry among twenty-five differ- pri čemu je uzeto u obzir više od stotinu mjera, a također su ent population, which were considered over a hundred ratios napravljene usporedbe koje su prikazane u Tablicama 6. i 7. and they also made comparisons which are presented in Ta- (10). Do sada nije bilo istraživanja o razlikama među spolo- bles 6 and 7 (10). So far there has not been any study of dif- vima za kosovske Albance. Stoga se naši rezultati uspoređuju ferences between the sexes for the Kosovo Albanian popula- s tom bazom podataka. tion. Therefore, our results are compared with that database. Najizloženiji dio lica za procjenu je endokantion, koji The most exposed to image judgment and situated be- predstavlja jednu od horizontalnih mjera lica – interkantal- tween the face is endocanthion, which represents one out nu širinu (en-en). Naši normativni podaci za en-en vrijed- of many horizontal measurements of facial areas - intercan- nost bili su slični skupini sjevernoameričkih bijelaca i bije- thal width (en-en). Our normative data for the en-en val- laca iz Europe: Mađara, Slovaka, Slovenaca, Turaka za oba ue was found to be similar to the North American White spola i muških Bugara te Egipćana i Indijaca s Bliskog istoka. (NAW) and the Caucasian groups from Europe: Hungarian, Normativni podaci manji od naših pronađeni su među Azer- Slovak, Slovenian, Turkish for both sexes, and to Bulgarian baj dž ancima, Česima, Hrvatima, Grcima, Talijanima, Polja- males; from Middle Eastern: Egyptian and Indians. The nor- cima, Portugalcima, Irancima za muškarce i žene, te za žene iz mative data lower than ours were found among Azerbaijan, Bugarske. Vrijednosti en-en veće od naših pronađene su kod Czech, Croatian, Greeks, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Iranian, Rusa, singapurskih Kineza, Vijetnamaca, Tajlanđana, Japana- for both males and females, and for Bulgarian females. High- ca, Angolaca, Zulua i afroameričke populacije obaju spolova er values than ours for the en-en were found among Russian, te među indijskim muškarcima. Singaporean Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Japanese, Ango- Nadalje, naši normativni podaci za indeks lica (n-gn) slič- lan, Zulu and Afro-American population of both sexes, and ni su onima za talijanske i portugalske muškarce, singapurske among Indian males. Kineskinje i oba spola Afroamerikanaca. Veće vrijednosti od Furthermore, our normative data for morphological fa- naših za n-gn pronađene su među grčkim i portugalskim že- cial height (n-gn) were similar to those belonging to Ital- nama, te među Irancima i Turcima obaju spolova. Uz to, ma- ian and Portuguese males, Singaporean Chinese females and nje normativne vrijednosti od naših za oba spola pronađene both sexes of Afro-Americans. The higher values than ours for su među sjevernoameričkim bijelcima, Azerbajdžancima, Bu- the n-gn were found among Greek and Portuguese females garima, Česima, Hrvatima, Nijemcima, Mađarima, Poljaci- and among Iranian and Turkish, both females, and males. ma, Rusima, Slovacima, Slovencima, Egipćanima, Indijcima, Additionally, lower normative data than ours, for both sex- Vijetnamcima, Tajlanđanima, Japancima, Angolcima i Zulu- es, were found among NAW, Azerbaijan, Bulgarian, Czech, ima, talijanskim ženama te grčkim i kineskim muškarcima iz Croatian, German, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Slo- Singapura. venian, Egyptian, Indian, Vietnamese, Thai, Japanese, An- Tako su našim normativnim podacima za visinu donje gola and Zulu, Italian females, and Greek and Singaporean trećine lica (sn-gn) slični oni koji pripadaju sjevernoamerič- Chinese males. kim bijelcima i talijanskoj populaciji za oba spola te za ki- Thus, our normative data for the lower facial height (sn- neske, tajlandske i Zulu muškarce. Manje vrijednosti pro- gn) were found to be similar to those belonging to NAW nađene su među azerbajdžanskim, bugarskim, hrvatskim, and Italian population, for both sexes as well as for Singa- njemačkim, grčkim, mađarskim, poljskim, portugalskim, ru- porean Chinese, Thai, and Zulu males. The lower data were hr skim, slovačkim, slovenskim, turskim, egipatskim, indijskim, found among Azerbaijan, Bulgarian, Croatian, Germans, o. cr japanskim i angolskim stanovništvom obaju spolova, zatim za Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Slovak, Slo- s a w. češke i vijetnamske muškarce i tajlandske žene. Veće norma- venian, Turkish, Egyptian, Indian, Japanese and Angola pop- w w tivne vrijednosti od naših pronađene su u iranskoj i afroame- ulation of both genders as well as for Czech and Vietnam- Staka et al. Facial Anthropometric Norms Among Kosovo-Albanian Adults 201 + 2SD 108.7 114.5 127.0 117.1 114.7 109.6 126.9 120.6 130.1 111.8 95.2 114.6 135.6 120.3 119.3 118.1 107.1 109.4 118.5 121.0 119.0 133.1 106.8 115.6 116.2 go-go x 97.1 106.3 108.8 109.5 102.1 97.6 108.7 106.6 116.3 98.8 87.6 103.8 118.6 106.3 105.9 109.5 97.9 102.8 107.3 110.4 109.5 117.3 97.4 104.4 104.2 -2SD 85.5 98.1 90.6 101.9 89.5 85.6 90.5 92.6 102.5 85.8 80.0 93.0 101.6 92.3 92.5 100.9 88.7 96.2 96.1 99.8 100.0 101.5 88.0 93.2 92.2 D 9 4 4 0 3 7 2 2 4 9 2 1 2 8 5 4 7 2 2 7 1 4 4 8 8 +2S 59. 60. 57. 61. 58. 57. 61. 65. 58. 58. 58. 60. 61. 60. 56. 59. 55. 60. 55. 56. 55. 55. 60. 64. 62. ch-ch x 53.3 53.4 49.8 53.8 50.5 50.9 51.8 57.0 50.8 52.5 50.0 52.5 53.2 53.0 50.3 53.0 48.3 51.0 49.6 47.5 50.3 48.4 54.4 56.2 54.6 D 7 4 2 6 7 1 4 8 2 1 8 9 2 2 1 6 9 8 0 3 5 4 4 6 4 -2S 46. 46. 42. 46. 42. 44. 42. 48. 43. 46. 41. 44. 45. 45. 44. 46. 40. 41. 44. 38. 45. 41. 48. 47. 46. 10]. al-al x+2SD 34.739.9 35.740.5 36.042.6 36.241.2 36.541.9 34.038.4 35.741.5 37.342.3 32.136.3 35.239.2 36.642.4 35.840.4 33.638.0 35.941.7 35.341.3 36.841.4 32.440.4 37.944.9 39.245.0 40.244.4 40.845.2 38.243.2 46.351.1 42.047.8 44.150.9 ur [10]. • Farkas et al., [ Muškarci • Males zy-zyn-sn +2SD-2SDx+ 2SD-2SDx+2SD-2SD 83.9128.5137.1145.746.053.060.029.5 78.0136.7147.5158.349.155.962.730.9 79.1128.3139.5150.746.454.061.629.4 80.3108.3134.9161.545.854.062.231.2 78.4128.7140.7152.747.853.859.831.1 82.5118.2133.2148.240.852.063.229.6 81.2105.8128.6151.447.355.563.729.9 72.0131.5142.1152.749.855.060.232.3 81.8131.4143.2155.048.456.264.027.9 75.7133.2142.6152.046.953.760.531.2 81.0114.3125.1135.951.759.567.330.8 75.1132.4141.2150.046.551.756.931.2 76.7123.7134.7145.747.953.559.129.2 76.6124.6136.2147.848.256.264.230.1 62.669.029.382.9127.0138.4149.856.2 74.3124.0140.4156.851.158.165.132.2 76.9126.0139.8153.643.454.665.824.4 72.7127.2135.8144.439.847.254.630.9 83.4133.4144.6155.847.853.859.833.4 82.5135.2144.0152.846.152.158.136.0 82.6136.1147.1158.147.151.555.936.4 81.6136.0147.2158.447.156.966.733.2 76.9129.6139.8150.042.649.857.041.5 80.0120.1129.3138.539.050.261.436.2 92.4127.5138.7149.945.951.957.537.3 a i sjevernoameričkih bijelaca na temelju analize Farkasa i sorth American White, derived from analyses developed by Sredine i standardne devijacije varijabli lica za 25 različitih populacija - muškarciTablica 6. Mean and standard deviation of the facial variables for 25 different populations - malesTable 6 Populacija • Populationsen-enn-gnsn-gn -2SDx+2SD- 2SDx+ 2SD-2SDx Sjevernoamerički bijelci • 27.532.938.3107.7121.3134.959.971.9North American White Azerbajdžanci • Azerbaijan23.830.837.8110.5121.3132.160.069.0 Bugari • Bulgarian25.332.339.3107.7122.9138.159.969.5 Česi • Czech24.730.937.1107.5117.5127.561.170.7 Hrvati • Croatian26.131.536.9104.0119.8135.653.666.0 Nijemci • German26.031.236.499.4116.0132.653.367.9 Grci • Greek22.830.037.8105.4120.0134.650.465.8 Mađari • Hungarian27.131.736.3103.8120.0136.256.464.2 Talijani • Italian25.430.235.0113.3124.7136.261.071.4 Poljaci • Polish25.530.335.1105.3117.5129.760.568.1 Portugalci • Portuguese23.330.537.7113.1124.5135.958.269.6 Rusi • Russian30.434.238.0110.3122.9135.553.964.5 Slovaci • Slovak27.032.638.299.2115.0130.850.763.7 Slovenci • Slovenian28.032.036.0103.6116.6129.657.066.8 Iranci • Iranian31.927.332.7116.6132.4148.263.773.3 Turci • Turkish27.632.838.0121.9127.7133.557.565.9 Egipćani • Egyptian27.631.836.0101.2116.4131.651.364.1 Indijci • Indian29.734.138.5101.1112.5124.952.762.7 Kinezi/Singapur • Singaporean Chinese31.037.644.2113.0123.6134.262.272.8 Vijetnamci • Vietnamese32.136.741.3112.0121.2130.459.771.1 Tajlanđani • Thai31.237.243.2111.5123.5135.562.272.4 Japanci • Japanese31.337.543.7109.0122.8136.657.269.4 Angolci • Angolan28.336.344.390.1112.1134.157.767.3 Zulu • Zulu29.136.543.9108.0121.8135.664.472.2 Afroamerikanci • Afro-Americans30.235.841.4109.5125.9142.365.578.9 Antropometrijske mjere za 25 etničkih skupina kavkaskog, srednjoeuropskog, azijskog i afričkog podrijetlThe facial measurements of 25 ethnic groups of Caucasoid, Middle Eastern, Asian, African origins and N www.ascro.hr 202 Staka i sur. Antropometrijske mjere lica odraslih kosovskih Albanaca + 2SD 102.9 114.7 108.3 113.9 105.6 101.5 108.2 106.4 114.5 102.3 91.9 106.8 114.2 111.5 116.7 115.6 98.4 107.9 109.1 110.8 115.8 126.8 101.7 113.4 106.7 go-go x 91.1 102.9 98.7 107.1 94.6 91.5 99.2 95.0 104.9 93.9 84.3 98.6 105.4 100.7 102.7 100.0 91.2 97.4 102.3 104.8 106.0 115.6 90.3 102.0 96.7 -2SD 79.3 91.1 89.1 100.3 83.6 81.5 90.2 83.6 95.3 85.5 76.7 90.4 96.6 89.9 88.7 84.4 84.0 86.6 95.5 98.8 96.2 104.4 78.9 87.0 86.7 D 2 1 4 0 7 2 9 2 3 6 1 3 9 6 2 4 1 5 9 5 0 1 1 2 6 +2S 56. 57. 50. 57. 53. 55. 58. 59. 55. 54. 51. 54. 54. 55. 50. 53. 54. 52. 53. 58. 52. 54. 64. 60. 61. ch-ch x 49.8 49.7 46.2 50.2 46.9 48.2 50.3 51.6 47.7 49.0 45.3 48.1 48.9 49.2 45.0 47.6 46.7 46.5 47.3 48.5 45.4 46.5 52.9 52.2 53.6 D 4 3 0 4 1 2 7 0 1 4 5 9 9 8 8 8 3 5 7 5 8 9 7 2 6 -2S 43. 42. 42. 43. 40. 41. 41. 44. 40. 43. 39. 41. 42. 42. 39. 41. 29. 40. 40. 38. 38. 28. 41. 44. 45. 10]. al-al x+2SD 31.435.2 33.839.2 33.042.4 33.838.8 32.936.9 31.036.4 32.436.8 33.537.3 29.534.3 32.638.0 31.936.7 33.237.6 30.634.2 33.138.1 32.137.1 32.937.1 39.336.7 33.838.6 37.241.4 39.844.0 40.246.2 37.141.9 40.847.0 38.043.8 40.146.5 ur. [10]. • Farkas et al., [ www.ascro.hr Sredine i standardne devijacije varijabli lica za 25 različitih populacija - ženeTablica 7. Mean and standard deviation of the facial variables for 25 different populations - femalesTable 7 Žene • Females Populacija • Populationsen-enn-gnsn-gnzy-zyn-sn -2SDx+2SD- 2SDx+ 2SD-2SDx+2SD-2SDx+ 2SD-2SDx+2SD-2SD Sjevernoamerički bijelci • 26.831.636.4101.4111.8122.256.565.574.5119.3129.9140.543.748.954.127.6North American White Azerbajdžanci • Azerbaijan26.130.534.9103.5111.5119.556.863.670.4128.3138.7149.145.152.359.528.4 Bugari • Bulgarian25.329.734.1101.4111.0120.652.861.670.4122.1130.9139.745.752.158.523.6 Česi • Czech24.329.133.9104.0112.6121.250.666.081.497.6126.4155.244.752.159.528.8 Hrvati • Croatian24.929.734.598.6110.4122.251.360.770.1119.6133.2146.842.850.057.228.9 Nijemci • German22.628.634.699.5109.5119.552.963.373.7105.0123.4141.845.851.457.025.6 Grci • Greek24.529.534.5102.2116.4130.654.763.371.9122.6132.2141.846.252.859.428.0 Mađari • Hungarian27.631.234.8101.6112.4123.249.156.764.3124.3131.3138.345.552.559.529.7 Talijani • Italian21.227.634.0102.8113.8124.853.664.475.2125.1133.3141.538.552.165.724.7 Poljaci • Polish24.829.233.698.2111.6125.051.760.569.3124.5135.5146.544.851.257.627.2 Portugalci • Portuguese23.529.134.7104.2118.2132.253.662.872.0109.6120.4131.249.057.866.627.1 Rusi • Russian26.732.738.7101.4114.2127.047.461.475.4122.7132.3141.943.650.457.228.8 Slovaci • Slovak25.930.735.598.5109.3120.150.058.667.2113.6125.0136.444.649.454.227.0 Slovenci • Slovenian24.630.235.890.2108.8127.451.461.471.4119.1129.5139.947.452.056.628.1 58.564.127.1Iranci • Iranian17.624.631.6108.7120.3131.957.466.275.0118.3131.7145.152.9 Turci • Turkish27.331.736.1102.2116.4130.651.559.166.7125.9134.5143.147.255.263.228.7 Egipćani • Egyptian26.330.935.592.1103.1114.148.857.866.8119.9130.3140.737.047.457.821.9 Indijci • Indian25.130.936.790.5101.5112.548.257.266.2108.0124.9141.736.543.750.929.0 Kinezi/Singapur • Singaporean Chinese29.736.142.5105.1114.9124.755.266.477.6128.2136.2244.245.151.758.333.0 Vijetnamci • Vietnamese31.236.642.0103.7113.1122.556.264.071.8128.5134.3140.142.450.458.435.6 Tajlanđani • Thai31.036.041.0102.4112.8123.253.662.671.6125.7138.3150.943.149.555.934.2 Japanci • Japanese29.435.040.6102.4113.8125.251.062.874.6129.4141.2153.043.553.363.132.3 Angolci • Angolan27.436.645.883.7106.5129.349.063.276.4124.4132.8141.237.646.655.634.6 Zulu • Zulu29.734.539.3102.5113.7124.957.265.473.6118.8128.4138.034.949.564.132.2 Afroamerikanci • Afro-Americans27.634.441.2104.3116.5128.761.671.581.9120.9130.5140.141.448.856.233.7 Antropometrijske mjere za 25 etničkih skupina kavkaskog, srednjoeuropskog, azijskog i afričkog podrijetla i sjevernoameričkih bijelaca na temelju analize Farkasa i sThe facial measurements of 25 ethnic groups of Caucasoid, Middle Eastern, Asian, African origins and North American White, derived from analyses developed by Staka et al. Facial Anthropometric Norms Among Kosovo-Albanian Adults 203 ričkoj populaciji obaju spolova te među Čehinjama i singa- ese males and Thai females. Higher normative data than ours purskim Kineskinjama. were found among Iranian and Afro-American population of Normativni podaci za maksimalnu širinu lica (zy-zy) bi- both genders as well as among Czech and Singaporean Chi- li su slični samo s onima njemačkih žena. U azijskim etnič- nese females. kim skupinama, maksimalna širina lica bila je ekstremno veća The normative data for the maximum facial width (zy- kod oba spola u Indijaca, singapurskih Kineza, Vijetnamaca, zy) were found to be similar only to German females. In Tajlanđana i Japanaca nego u populaciji kosovskih Albanaca. Asian ethnic groups, the maximum facial width was extreme- Veća širina lica pronađena je među sjevernoameričkim bijel- ly wider in both sexes of Indians, Singaporean Chinese, Viet- cima, Azerbajdžancima, Bugarima, Česima, Hrvatima, Ma- namese, Thai and Japanese population groups than in Koso- đarima, Talijanima, Poljacima, Rusima, Slovacima, Sloven- vo Albanian population. The wider maximum facial width cima, Irancima, Turcima, Egipćanima, Afroamerikancima was found among NAW, Azerbaijan, Bulgarian, Czech, Cro- obaju spolova, također kod grčkih i Zulu žena te njemačkih atian, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, muškaraca. Uska maksimalna širina lica otkrivena je kod por- Iranian, Turkish, Egyptian, Afro-American population of tugalskih žena i muškaraca te grčkih i Zulu muškaraca. both sexes; also Greeks and Zulu females and among Ger- Visina nosa (n-sn) odgovarala je mjerama kod Azerbaj- man males. The narrow maximum facial width was found dža naca, Grka, Mađara, obaju spolova; bugarskih, čeških, among Portuguese females and males as well as Greek and njemačkih, talijanskih, poljskih, slovenskih, kineskih žena i Zulu males. egipatskih muškaraca. Visina nosa bila je veća kod Portuga- Additionally, the nasal height (n-sn), was found identi- laca, Turaka, Iranaca i Japanaca obaju spolova te talijanskih i cal to those of normal range among Azerbaijan, Greek, Hun- slovenskih muškaraca. Nasuprot tome, kod sjevernoamerič- garian, both males and females; Bulgarian, Czech, German, kih bijelaca, Hrvata, Rusa, Slovaka, Indijaca, Vijetnamaca, Italian, Polish, Slovenian, Singaporean Chinese females and Tajlanđana, Angolaca, Zulua i afroameričkih muškarca i že- Egyptian males. The nasal height was found greater than ours na te bugarskih, čeških, njemačkih, poljskih i kineskih muš- among Portuguese, Turkish, Iranian and Japanese individu- karaca i egipatskih žena izmjerene su manje visine nosa nego als of both sexes; and Italian and in Slovenian males. In con- u našoj populaciji. trast, a shorter nasal height than in our population was found Nadalje, utvrđena je sličnost širine nosa (al-al) za oba spo- among NAW, Croatian, Russian, Slovak, Indians, Vietnam- la kod Bugara, Čeha, Hrvata, Grka, Mađara, Rusa, Slovena- ese, Thai, Angola, Zulu, and Afro-American males and fe- ca, Turaka i Indijaca, azerbajdžanskih i poljskih žena te por- males, also Bulgarian, Czech, Germans, Polish and Singapor- tugalskih muškaraca. U azijskim etničkim skupinama, širina ean Chinese males and Egyptians females. nosa bila je ekstremno veća u oba spola kod kineske, vijet- Moreover, the nasal width (al-al) was found to be similar namske, tajlandske, japanske, angolske, Zulu i afroameričke to both sexes of Bulgarian, Czech, Croatian, Greek, Hungar- populacije. Manja vrijednost širine nosa utvrđena je kod oba ian, Russian, Slovenian, Turkish, and Indian Azerbaijan and spola sjevernoameričkih bijelaca, njemačkog, talijanskog, slo- Polish females and Portuguese males. In Asian ethnic groups, vačkog, iranskog i egipatskog stanovništva te portugalskih že- the nasal width was extremely wider in both sexes of Singa- na i azerbajdžanskih i poljskih muškaraca. porean Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai and Japanese population, Širina usta (ch-ch) bila je identična onoj kod žena sjever- also among Angola, Zulu, and Afro-American population. noameričkih bijelaca, Azerbajdžanaca, Čeha, Slovenaca i Slo- The slimmer value of nasal width was found among both sex- vaka te muškaraca iz Italije i Indije, kao i u oba spola Nije- es of NAW, German, Italian, Slovak, Iranian and Egyptian maca, Grka, Poljaka i Rusa. Značajno veći ch-ch pronađen je population as well as Portuguese females and Azerbaijan and među muškarcima sjevernoameričkih bijelaca, Azerbajdžana- Polish males. ca, Čeha, Slovenaca, Slovaka i Turaka te kod oba spola Ma- The mouth width (ch-ch) was identical to that of the đara, Angolaca, Zulua i afroameričke populacije. Značajno NAW, Azerbaijan, Czech, Slovenian, and Slovakian females, manja ch-ch vrijednost pronađena je kod oba spola Bugara, and Italian and Indians males as well as both sexes of Ger- Hrvata, Portugalaca, Iranaca, Egipćana, singapurskih Kineza, man, Greek, Polish and Russian population. Significantly Vijetnamaca, Tajlanđana i japanske populacije te kod talijan- greater ch-ch were found among NAW, Azerbaijan, Czech, skih, turskih i indijskih žena. Slovenian, Slovakian and Turkish males, both sexes of Hun- Naši normativni podaci o širini mandibule (go-go) bili su garian, Angola, Zulu, and Afro-American population. Sig- slični onima za azerbajdžanske žene i češke, turske, tajlandske nificantly smaller ch-ch values were found among both sexes i vijetnamske muškarce. Značajno manji go-go u usporedbi of Bulgarian, Croatian, Portuguese, Iranian, Egyptian, Singa- s našom populacijom pronađen je kod oba spola sjevernoa- porean, Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, and Japanese population meričkih bijelaca, Bugara, Hrvata, Nijemaca, Grka, Mađara, as well as Italian, Turkish and Indian females. Poljaka, Portugalaca, Rusa, Slovenaca, Iranaca, Egipćana, In- Our normative data regarding mandibular width (go-go) dijaca, singapuranskih Kineza, Zulua i afroameričke popu- were found to be similar to those for Azerbaijan females and lacije te turskih žena i azerbajdžanskih muškaraca. Značaj- Czech, Turkish, Thai and Vietnamese males. Significantly no širi go-go pronađen je kod oba spola talijanske, slovačke smaller go-go compared to one belonging to our population hr o. i japanske populacije, a također među češkim, tajlandskim i was found among both sexes of NAW, Bulgarian, Croatian, cr s a vijetnamskim ženama. Stoga su naši normativni podaci po- German, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, w. w kazali najmanju razliku prema populacijama kavkaskih sku- Slovenian, Iranians, Egyptian, Indian, Singaporean, Chinese, w 204 Staka i sur. Antropometrijske mjere lica odraslih kosovskih Albanaca pina u Europi i bijelaca u Sjevernoj Americi, nakon čega je Angola, Zulu, and Afro-American population as well as Turk- slijedilo bliskoistočno, azijsko i afričko stanovništvo, kako se ish females and Azerbaijani males. Significantly wider go-go i očekivalo. was found among both sexes of Italian, Slovak and Japanese Naši nalazi upućuju na utjecaj genetskih i ekoloških čim- population, also among Czech, Thai, and Vietnamese fe- benika koji pridonose razlikama zabilježenima u dimenzija- males. Therefore, our normative data showed the smallest dif- ma lica unutar i između ljudskih populacija (31, 32). Ne- ferences with Caucasian groups of Europe and North Ameri- koliko istraživača navelo je da genetski čimbenici utječu na can white population, following the Middle East, Asian and varijaciju koja se očituje u obliku i konfiguraciji ljudskog li- African population, as expected. ca (33 – 35). Our findings reflect the influence of genetic and envi- Udio i vrsta genetske kontrole variraju između pojedinaca ronmental factors that contribute to the differences observed i skupina, što može objasniti morfološke razlike između po- in facial dimensions within and between human populations pulacija (31). Čimbenici okoliša također mogu pridonijeti ra- (31, 32). Several researchers have proposed that genetic fac- zlikama u obilježjima lica među populacijama. Uočeno je da tors exert substantial influence on the variation observed in klima može utjecati na visinu i širinu lica te visinu nosa i kra- the shape and configuration of the human face (33-35). nijalnu širinu u populacijama sjeveroistočne Azije (36, 37). The proportion and type of genetic control varies be- Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su da većina značajki tween individuals and groups, which may account for the ljudskog lica ima izražena obilježja spolnog dimorfizma. Naši morphological differences noted between populations (31). rezultati pokazuju da je spolni dimorfizam prisutan u većini Environmental factors may also contribute to differences in mjera lica. Kod svih osam mjera lica; en-en, n-gn, sn-gn, zy- facial features among populations. It has been observed that zy, n-sn, al-al, ch-ch i go-go pokazalo se da postoje statistič- climate could influence facial height and width, as well as na- ki značajne razlike između muškaraca i žena. Izražen spolni sal height and cranial width in Northeast Asian populations dimorfizam mjera lica prikazan u ovom istraživanju potkri- (36,37). jepljen je rezultatima ISD-a. Omjeri muških/ženskih vrijed- The result of this study indicated that most features of nosti bili su veći od jedan za sva mjerenja. Pokazalo se da su the human face show strong evidence of sexual dimorphism. muške varijable lica bile veće od ženskih u svim dimenzijama. Our results reveal that strong sexual dimorphism is present in Najviši ISD pronađen je za visinu donje trećine lica, a najma- most of facial measurements. All eight facial measurements; nji za interkantalnu udaljenost. en-en, n-gn, sn-gn, zy-zy, n-sn, al-al, ch-ch and go-go showed Međutim, nismo uspjeli pronaći objavljene podatke ko- that there were significant differences between males and fe- ji dokumentiraju razine spolnog dimorfizma. Spolne razli- males. The presence of strong sexual dimorphism of facial ke u kraniofacijalnom području bile su uglavnom izražene measurements reported in this study was supported by the re- kvantitativno, a ne kvalitativno; širina lica 4,01 %, indeks li- sults of the ISD. The ratios of male/female values were great- ca 3,77 % i širina mandibule 5,29 % (38). Spolni dimorfizam er than one for all measurements. It indicated that male fa- u strukturi kostiju lica dobro je definiran kod modernih lju- cial variables were larger than female ones in all dimensions. di. U europskim populacijama, prosječne dimenzije visine i The highest ISD was found for the lower facial height and the širine lica veće su do 6 % kod muškaraca nego kod žena (39). lowest was found for the intercanthal width. Većina dimenzija mandibule veće su za 5 – 13 % (40 – 42). However, we were unable to identify any published data Naši rezultati, koji se odnose na postotak spolnog dimorfiz- documenting the levels of sexual dimorphism. Gender differ- ma, slični su dužini i širini lica europske populacije. ences in the craniofacial region were mainly expressed in size, not in shape, facial width 4.01%, morphological facial height 3.77% and mandibular width 5.29% (38). Sexual dimor- phism of facial skeletal structures is well described in mod- ern humans. In European populations, the average male fa- cial length and width dimensions are up to 6% larger than female dimensions (39). Most mandible dimensions are 5-13 % larger (40-42). Our results, regarding the percentage of sexual dimorphism are found to be similar to the facial length and width of European population. Zaključak Conclusion Na temelju dobivenh rezultata uspostavljene su antropo- The obtained results have established the facial anthro- metrijske norme lica među odraslim kosovskim Albancima. pometric norms among Kosovo Albanian adults. Significant- Značajno veće vrijednosti zabilježene su kod muškaraca ne- ly higher facial values were present in males than in females. go kod žena. Kliničke norme prikazane u ovom istraživanju The clinical norms presented in this study will be useful in hr bit će korisne u antropologiji, forenzičkoj medicini i mogu se anthropology, forensic medicine, and can be used as local o. cr koristiti kao lokalni standardi za dijagnostiku i planiranje ko- standards for diagnostics and planning of correction of dif- s a w. rekcija različitih oštećenja, malformacija ili posttraumatskih ferent impairments, malformations or post-traumatic aber- w w deformacija lica te u ortognatskoj kirurgiji. rations of the face and the orthognathic surgery treatment.