Mária Vojtovičová Anton Stepanovich Arensky Violin concerto in A minor, op. 54 Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Bachelor of Music Music Bachelor’s Thesis 16.05.2017 Abstract Mária Vojtovičová Author(s) Anton Stepanovich Arensky Title 24 pages + 1 appendix + CD: A. Arensky – Violin Concerto in A Number of Pages minor Date 23 April 2017 Degree Bachelor of Music Degree Programme Music Specialisation option Music Pedagogy Instructor(s) MuT Annu Tuovila I have chosen Anton Stepanovich Arensky and his Violin Concerto in A minor as an object of my practical and theoretical final project in Metropolia University of Applied Sciences for a very simple reason and that is, I believe he and his concert never got the attention they deserve. In the beginning of the thesis I go briefly through Arensky’s life and his entire work as there is not a lot known of him and we have very limited sources of information due to his short life and lack of interest in him. I provide a brief inside to the author’s life and work. The main part of the thesis is focused on the analysis of the concerto from the violinist’s point of view and analysis of my practicing process, suggested fingerings, bowings, and ways of interpretation. The recording of my performance of the concerto is also a part of this Bachelor’s Thesis. I believe this thesis will bring more attention to the author and this piece, as in its founda- tion it is a good repertoire choice that gives an opportunity to demonstrate the interpreter’s technical and lyrical qualities. Keywords violin, concerto, Arensky, romantic 1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Anton Stepanovich Arensky - 'the forgotten' composer of romantic era 4 2.1 Biography 4 2.2 Work 5 3 Violin concerto 9 3.1 Romantic violin concerto - violin and the concert form in romanticism 9 3.2 Violin concerto in A minor, op.54 - Arensky's violin masterpiece 10 4 Challenges in the concerto 12 4.1 Allegro - the melancholic introduction 13 4.2 Adagio non troppo - pensive interlude 15 4.3 Tempo di Valse - a coquettish dance 17 4.4 Poco meno mosso - a dramatic finale 19 5 Conclusion 22 References 24 Appendices Appendix 1. Concert Program 2 1 Introduction The topic of my final project is a relatively unknown Russian composer Anton Stepa- novich Arensky and his Violin Concerto in A Minor in particular, which I have performed as my final artistic project at Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. The object of the thesis is to present A. Arensky as a Russian composer of the roman- tic era, his life, works and to analyze the violin concerto and the practicing process. At first I present the life of Anton Arensky, with focus on his professional life, his rela- tion to Tchaikovsky and other Russian composers of the romantic era to determine the influences on his work. In the second part I go through all his work, the most significant piano and chamber music pieces, vocal work and operas, as it is not very extended due to his short life. In the third part I proceed to the analysis of the concerto from the violinist’s point of view as well as the analysis of my practicing process. I chose specifically A. Arensky and this piece because the work and its composer are not particularly known. However, I do believe that it deserves a place among other vio- lin concertos of similar difficulty for the violin, such as Mendelssohn’s E Minor or Bruch’s Violin Concertos. Arensky’s Violin Concerto was inspired by one the biggest classical masterpieces – Tchaikovsky’s Concerto for Violin and Orchestra, which we can already hear in the opening cadenza of solo violin in the first movement, but unfor- tunately it has never gained the same popularity. I, myself, have found this piece only by accident many years ago in the internet library, while looking for some other compositions. Driven by curiosity I have found a recording of the concerto and immediately fell in love. At that time I was only dreaming that sometimes I could possibly get technically on the level when I could be able to perform this musical treasure. At the moment I believe I am ready to cope with the technical difficulties and virtuosity of this piece and decided to perform it. In my opinion, this concerto is worth including into any violinist’s repertoire, because of its beautiful melodies just as the melancholic main theme of the first movement Allegro, or coquettish theme of the Valse, where a player is able to demonstrate the ability to musically convey different characters and atmospheres. In addition, through the whole 3 piece and especially in the last movement, we can find many technically demanding passages that require and foster technical skills. This thesis is dericted especially to music students that are looking for a big concerto piece that would not be abundantly technically demanding or violinists that want to ex- pand their repertoire with a little known piece. 4 2 Anton Stepanovich Arensky - 'the forgotten' composer of romantic era 2.1 Biography Anton Stepanovich Arensky was a russian composer, pianist and conductor. He was born on 30th june 1861 in Novgorod (Russia) to the family of professional and amateur musicians and died on 25th February 1906 in Perkjärvi (Finland). (Wikipedia, 2017) His father, a doctor by the profession, was also an enthusiastic cellist and his mother was an excellent pianist who gave him his first music lessons. Already at the very young age Arensky was musically precocious, by the age of nine he had already com- posed a number of songs and piano pieces. In 1879, his whole family moved to St Pe- tersburg where Arensky took lessons with a very young teacher Karl Karlovich Zikke (1850-1890) before entering the St Petersburg Conservatory, where he studied com- position with Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and counterpoint and fugue with Julius Iva- novich Johannsen (Danish-born music theorist, teacher and composer). He graduated with a gold medal in 1882. However, even before this Rimsky-Korsakov had been so fascinated by Arensky’s talent, that he entrusted Arensky with a contribution in prepar- ing the vocal score of The Snow Maiden (N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov: Letopis′ moyey muzïkal′noy zhizni [Chronicle of my musical life]). After his graduation from the St Pe- tersburg Conservatory Arensky started teaching at the Moscow Conservatory as a pro- fessor of harmony, instrumentation and counterpoint. Among the most successful stu- dents of his class we could find Rachmaninoff, Glière and Skryabin. In the same time, after the relocation to Moscow, he became closer with Tchaikovsky and Taneyev, they both were a great source of inspiration and encouragement for Arensky. In the follow- ing years (1888 to 1895) he held different directing and conducting positions, he be- came a director of the Russian Choral Society and appeared as a conductor at various symphony concerts and from 1889 until 1893 he was appointed to the council of the Synodal School of Church Music in Moscow. Perhaps his greatest successes was with his opera Son na Volge (A Dream on the Volga), based on the same Ostrovsky’s play as Tchaikovsky’s opera Voyevoda, which he started to compose under Rimsky- Korsakov’s supervision still as a conservatory student. It was premiered in Moscow in 1891. His second opera, Rafaėl′, composed in 1894 on the occasion of the First Con- gress of Russian Artists, has never reached the same success as the former composi- tion. In 1894, after Balakirev recommended Arensky as his replacement to the direc- torship of the imperial chapel in St Petersburg, he resigned from his professorship at 5 the Moscow Conservatory and in 1895 he moved back to St Petersburg. After only six years, Arensky decided to leave the St Petersburg´s imperial chapel with a pension of 6000 rubles (the equivalent of around 63 900 € nowadays). After that he devoted the following years of his life to composition and to other, very successful appearances both as a pianist and conductor at concerts in Russia and abroad. (Johnston, n.d.) There is very little information available about Arensky’s private life. He never got mar- ried and he never had children. From the very young age he had been addicted to drinking and gambling and from Rimsky-Korsakov’s memoires we learn, that Arensky’s life became only more unsettled towards his last years. As a result of his addictions and depression his health was undermined very rapidly and he died of tuberculosis in 1906 in a sanatorium in Perkjärvi (Finland) at the very young age of 44. (Interlude, 2010) In recognition of his work there is The Antarctic Arensky Glacier named after him, lying 3 miles (5 km) east of Alyabiev Glacier and flows south from Beethoven Peninsu- la, Alexander Island, into the north end of Boccherini Inlet. The glacier was named after Anton Arensky by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1987. (National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency, 2006) 2.2 Work Arensky was one of the most eclectic Russian composers of his generation. Rimsky- Korsakov likened Arensky's musical temperament to that of Anton Rubinstein, perhaps having in mind the noticeably embraced influences which his music seems to re- veal: Mendelssohn, Tchaikovsky, Chopin and Rimsky-Korsakov himself had a remark- able influence on his diverse style. Indeed, Rimsky-Korsakov said, "In his youth Aren- sky did not escape some influence from me; later the influence came from Tchaikov- sky. He will quickly be forgotten." (Interlude, 2010) In Russia, in fact, he was oftentimes called 'mini-Tchaikovsky' because he was blessed with the same nostalgic, sentimental qualities, although not on such a grand scale. Arensky was a huge admirer of Tchai- kovsky and Tchaikovsky was very supportive of his pupil. The perception that he lacked a distinctive personal style contributed to long-term neglect of his music, though in recent years a large number of his compositions have been recorded. Especially popular are the Variations on a Theme of Tchaikovsky for string orchestra, Op. 35a - 6 arranged from the slow movement of Arensky's 2nd string quartet, scored unconven- tionally for violin, viola and two cellos and based on one of Tchaikovsky's Songs for Children, Op. 54. (Niles, 2014) Arensky is perhaps best known for his chamber music and following pieces String Quartet No. 1 in G major, Op. 11 (1888), String Quartet No. 2 in A minor, Op. 35 (1894), written in memory of Tchaikovsky is a tender, elegiac work unusual in its scor- ing with two cellos, Serenade, Op. 30, No. 2, for violin and piano, Two Pieces, Op. 12, for cello and piano, Four Pieces, Op. 56, for cello and piano, wonderfully heartfelt and virtuosic masterpiece Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor, Op. 32 (1894), dedicated to his cel- list friend Karl Davidoff, Piano Trio No. 2 in F minor, Op. 73 and Piano Quintet in D ma- jor, Op. 51 (1900), that draws on Brahms and Mendelssohn for its sweeping themes and sparkling wit. (ArkivMusic, 2017) Above all, Arensky was a miniaturist in his compositions, his flow of lyrical, oftentimes very melancholic melodies, and the easy control of keyboard textures earned him a respected place among the composers of songs in the romance manner, that were dominating Russian song in the 19th century. In like manner, he could produce delight- fully turned keyboard miniatures and for that reason his most outstanding and the most gratifying pieces can be found among his songs and the short piano pieces. Similarly as in the finale of the Piano Concerto, the use of extraordinary rhythms is obvious also in his set of piano pieces Essais sur les rythmes oubliés op.28. These pieces are es- sentially based on the unorthodox metres of certain archaic poetic forms and the re- sults are peculiar rather than convincing. Even though Arensky´s music was not sub- stantially innovatory, he was able to produce unique and distinctive music. And despite his mentor’s (Rimsky-Korsakov’s) prediction that he would be “soon forgotten”, few of his pieces, for instance the Waltz from suite no.1 for two pianos or the Variations for string orchestra on Tchaikovsky’s famous Legend, still reside in a corner of the modern repertoire. (Melodiya, 2014) In the early Piano Concerto (1882), and especially in the first two movements, we can feel the remarkable influence of the great master of piano works, Frédéric Chopin. In a similar way as Chopin’s two piano concertos, these two movements are filled with ele- gantly decorated lyrical melodies often joined by sparkling passages. The finale of the piece shows a generalized Russianness in its resemblance of the folk melodies. Aren- sky once again shows an affection for such unusual metres in the five-beat bars, which 7 are the most unusual feature of this concerto. He was also reportedly reproached for the habit by Tchaikovsky. Another of his best-known extended work, the Piano Trio no.1 in D minor, was also influenced by another great romantic composer, Felix Men- delssohn (and especially by the composer’s D minor piano trio). This trio, composed in memory of the cellist Davïdov, is one of Arensky’s most successful large-scale pieces. Its commemorative purpose is particularly apparent in the third movement and its sor- rowful theme. Such an elegiac vein was very characteristic of Arensky. This piece also demonstrates his melodic effortlessness and fluent compositional technique. Regard- less of Arensky being primarily Rimsky-Korsakov’s student, it is Tchaikovsky’s influ- ence that is far more notable in his compositions. (Nicholas, 1992) He has also composed three operas: Son na Volge - Dream on the Volga, Op. 16 (1888), which uses russian folk themes. The libretto was written by Anton Arensky af- ter Alexander Ostrovsky's historical play Voyevoda and the opera premiered on Janu- ary 2nd, 1891 in Moscow in Bolshoy Theatre. His second opera was Raphael, Op. 37 (1894), libretto by A. Kryukov and it premiered on May 6th, 1894 in Moscow Conservatory. The last one was Nal' i Damayanti - Nal and Damayanti, Op. 47 (1903), which Arensky composed after the Indian epos "Mahabharata." The libretto was written by Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky after the novel by Vasily Zhukovsky and the first performance was held in Bolshoy Theatre, Moscow on January 22nd, 1904. (Wik- ipedia, 2017) Amongst the pianists Arensky is probably best remembered today for just a handful of works, including Suite for Two Pianos No. 1 in F major, Op. 15 (1888), first one of five suites for two pianos and the most charming one. In this brilliant piece one can imagine quite vividly the magnificent chandeliers of the Czarist palaces of old Russia. However, his relatively large piano work also includes Suite for Two Pianos No. 2, Op. 23 "Sil- houettes" (1892), Suite for Two Pianos No. 3 in C major, Op. 33, "Variations" (pub. 1894), Suite for Two Pianos No. 4, Op. 62 (1903), Suite for Two Pianos No. 5 in Can- on-form, Op. 65, "Children's Suite", Four Morceaux, Op. 25 (1893), Six Essais sur des rythmes oubliés, Op. 28 (ca. 1893), 24 Morceaux caractéristiques, Op. 36, which is a cycle covering all 24 major and minor keys (1894), Four Etudes, Op. 41 (1896), Three Morceaux, Op. 42 (1898), Six Caprices, Op. 43 (1898), scetches Près de la mer, six esquisses, Op. 52 (1901), Six Pieces, Op. 53 (1901), Twelve Preludes, Op. 63 (1903), Twelve Pieces for Piano four hands, Op. 66 (1903), a suite Arabesques, Op. 67 (1903) and Twelve Etudes, Op. 74 (1905). (Parry, n.d.) 8 In Arensky´s vocal work we can find Three Vocal Quartets, Op. 57, with cello accom- paniment and 3 Cantatas, Cantata for the Tenth Anniversary of the Sacred Coronation of Their Imperial Highnesses, Op. 25 (1893), The Fountain of Bakhchisarai, Op. 46 and The Diver, Op. 61. (Wikipedia, 2017) His orchestral work includes: Concerto for Piano and Orchestra in F minor, Op. 2 (1881), Symphony No. 1 in B minor, Op. 4 (1883), Intermezzo in G minor, Op. 13 (1882), Symphony No. 2 in A major, Op. 22 (1889), already mentioned Variations on a Theme of Tchaikovsky, Op. 35a, for string orchestra (1894), Fantasia on Themes of Ryabinin, Op. 48, for piano and orchestra (1899), also known as Fantasia on Russian Folksongs, Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in A minor, Op. 54 (1891) and Pamyati Suvorova (To the Memory of Suvorov, 1900). (Wikipedia, 2017)