NUTRITION La m p ANTIOXIDANTS IN r e ANTIOXIDANTS IN ch t SPORT SPORT NUTRITION A N T I NUTRITION O The use of antioxidants in sports is controversial due to existing evidence that X they both support and hinder athletic performance. Antioxidants in Sport I D Nutrition covers antioxidant use in the athlete´s basic nutrition and discusses A the controversies surrounding the usefulness of antioxidant supplementation. The N book also stresses how antioxidants may affect immunity, health, and exercise T S performance. I N The book contains scientifically based chapters explaining the basic mechanisms S of exercise-induced oxidative damage. Also covered are methodological P approaches to assess the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment. Biomarkers O are discussed as a method to estimate the bioefficacy of dietary/supplemental antioxidants in sports. R T This book is useful for sport nutrition scientists, physicians, exercise physiologists, product developers, sport practitioners, coaches, top athletes, and recreational N athletes. In it, they will find objective information and practical guidance. U T Edited by R Manfred Lamprecht I T I O N K16348 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com K16348_cover.indd 1 8/4/14 10:14 AM ANTIOXIDANTS IN SPORT NUTRITION ANTIOXIDANTS IN SPORT NUTRITION Edited by Manfred Lamprecht Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140707 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-6759-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface......................................................................................................................vii Editor ........................................................................................................................ix Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi Chapter 1 Mechanisms of Oxidative Damage and Their Impact on Contracting Muscle .........................................................................1 Chad M. Kerksick and Micah Zuhl Chapter 2 Nutritional Antioxidants: It Is Time to Categorise .............................17 Aalt Bast and Guido R.M.M. Haenen Chapter 3 Antioxidants in Athlete’s Basic Nutrition: Considerations towards a Guideline for the Intake of Vitamin C and Vitamin E ......39 Oliver Neubauer and Christina Yfanti Chapter 4 Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition: All the Same Effectiveness? ..........67 Karl-Heinz Wagner Chapter 5 Well-Known Antioxidants and Newcomers in Sport Nutrition: Coenzyme Q10, Quercetin, Resveratrol, Pterostilbene, Pycnogenol and Astaxanthin ..............................................................79 Muaz Belviranlı and Nilsel Okudan Chapter 6 Polyphenols in Sport: Facts or Fads? ................................................103 Francesco Visioli Chapter 7 Supplemental Antioxidants and Adaptation to Physical Training ......111 Micah Gross and Oliver Baum Chapter 8 Green Tea Catechins and Sport Performance ..................................123 Ewa Jówko v vi Contents Chapter 9 Acute and Chronic Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on Exercise Performance ..................................................................141 David J. Bentley, James Ackerman, Tom Clifford and Katie S. Slattery Chapter 10 Evaluation of Quercetin as a Countermeasure to Exercise- Induced Physiological Stress ............................................................155 Manuela Konrad and David C. Nieman Chapter 11 Inflammation and Immune Function: Can Antioxidants Help the Endurance Athlete? ....................................................................171 Lisa J. Elkington, Maree Gleeson, David B. Pyne, Robin Callister and Lisa G. Wood Chapter 12 Influence of Mixed Fruit and Vegetable Concentrates on Redox Homeostasis and Immune System of Exercising People .................183 Manfred Lamprecht, Georg Obermayer and Werner Seebauer Chapter 13 Methodological Considerations When Evaluating the Effectiveness of Dietary/Supplemental Antioxidants in Sport ........203 Martin Burtscher, Dominik Pesta, Dietmar Fuchs, Maximilian Ledochowski and Hannes Gatterer Chapter 14 Common Questions and Tentative Answers on How to Assess Oxidative Stress after Antioxidant Supplementation and Exercise .....221 Michalis G. Nikolaidis, Nikos V. Margaritelis, Vassilis Paschalis, Anastasios A. Theodorou, Antonios Kyparos and Ioannis S. Vrabas Chapter 15 Biomarkers Part I: Biomarkers to Estimate Bioefficacy of Dietary/Supplemental Antioxidants in Sport ...............................247 Joachim F. Greilberger, Michaela Greilberger and Radovan Djukic Chapter 16 Biomarkers Part II: Biomarkers to Estimate Bioefficacy of Dietary/Supplemental Antioxidants in Sport ...............................261 Cristina Vassalle, Alessandro Pingitore, Rachele De Giuseppe, Luisella Vigna and Fabrizia Bamonti Preface CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group has a long tradition in publishing excellent books in the field of sport nutrition, but up to now no book on redox-active components in sport nutriton has been released. It is an honour that I was asked to edit the first book in this field, and it was exciting for me and my helping team that so many renowned researchers in the field accepted to send a chapter. Many, many thanks to you all! Originally, I intended to title this book Redox-Active Components in Sport Nutrition. But considerations with regard to attracting as many readers as possible led us to title it Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition. Although in some respects it is not absolutely appropriate, we perceived the term ‘antioxidant’ as very suitable as it polarises and fosters discussions. Polarisation and discussion are engines to stimu- late research in a specific field. This book consists of 16 scientifically based chapters with regard to the basic mechanisms of exercise-induced oxidative damage and categorisation of nutritional antioxidants. It covers the antioxidant supply in an athlete’s basic nutrition and dis- cusses the controversies of the usefulness or disadvantages of antioxidant supplemen- tation. Many chapters refer to antioxidants and/or bioactives and their effectiveness, and a few chapters cover specific redox-modulating substances and/or supplements. I personally believe it is very interesting for the reader that this book provides chapters that discuss antioxidant supplementation in relation to adaptation and performance as well as the relation between supplementation with redox-modulating compounds and/or supplements and the immune system. Last but not least, two chapters discuss methodological approaches on how to assess oxidative stress and the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment, and two other chapters introduce several biomarkers to estimate the bioefficacy of dietary/supplemental antioxidants in sport. With this book, sport nutrition scientists and advisors, exercise physiologists, students in related fields as well as coaches, top athletes and recreational athletes will find actual information and practical guidance. Have a good time with it! Manfred Lamprecht, PhD, PhD Medical University of Graz, Austria vii