Charles University in Prague Faculty of Humanities Bachelor Thesis Antidote to the effects of poetry in book X of Plato’s Republic by Alena Egorenko Under the supervision of Mgr. Stanislav Synek, Ph.D. Prague 2017 I hereby declare that I have written this Bachelor Thesis myself and on my own. All the used material and literature has been referenced and quoted. This thesis has not been submitted in support of an application of another degree. st In Prague, 21 of June 2017 Signature: _____________________ Table of contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4 2. Poetry in the context of The Republic of Plato ........................................................... 6 3. What is the danger of poetry? .................................................................................... 6 3.1. The role of poetry in education in books II. and III. .............................................. 6 3.2. Early education .................................................................................................... 7 3.3. The form of mimetic storytelling ........................................................................... 9 3.4. Undersatnding Mimesis ..................................................................................... 10 3.4.1. New concept of poetic mimesis in book X? ................................................. 11 3.4.2. The object of imitation ................................................................................. 14 3.4.3. Poet’s knowledge ........................................................................................ 15 3.5. Another perspective on the consistency between the two critiques .................. 16 3.6. The danger of mimetic poetry ............................................................................ 18 4. Poetry and Wisdom-loving souls .............................................................................. 20 4.1. Who are the philosophers? ................................................................................ 20 4.2. Intellectual danger of poetry .............................................................................. 21 4.2.1. “Painted carpenter” ...................................................................................... 22 4.2.2. The argument by the friends of the poets .................................................... 24 4.3. Philosophical lover of poetry .............................................................................. 25 5. The Antidote ............................................................................................................. 27 5.1. Immunity to harm ............................................................................................... 27 5.1.1. Poetry. Reality. Truth ................................................................................... 27 5.1.2. Countercharm .............................................................................................. 29 5.2. Rapprochement between poetry and philosophy .............................................. 30 6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 32 List of Literature .............................................................................................................. 34 3 1. Introduction Plato's preoccupation with art is clear since his early writings. Although his ideas are not formulated in a systematic theory, in Republic we find the body of arguments, which shed the light on some of the central questions. In his work Plato considers the value of the arts, especially poetry and drama. He provokes a more thorough re-examination of common beliefs. The philosopher insists on raising the questions about political, educational and moral significance of poetry. Is poetry good for us? Why do we enjoy it? What do poets really know, and what do they teach us about? In order to find the answers, he engages in the philosophical inquiry of the deepest complexity. The critique can be figuratively divided into two parts. First, in book II and III Plato discusses all aspects of content and form of poetry. He acknowledges its vast influence and educational capacity. An idea of self-contained status of art, which persists in people’s minds, is considered to be inaccurate and even dangerous. Plato insists that the art be subservient to moral aims. Then follows the discussion of the nature of dramatic characterization or mimesis, which is continued in book X. Plato puts questions about how poetry achieves what it does? What is the product of poetic imitation? How does it engage our minds, thoughts, and emotions? Finally, what is the danger of poetry? In the present paper, in order to examine philosopher's hostility to poetry, we followed the development of his argument. We begin by looking at the critique in books II and III. The distinction, which Socrates makes, separates good and bad kinds of imitation. Before we proceed with the close study of Book X of the Republic, we take a look at the issue, which has been broadly discussed by the scholars. The unexpected shift in perspective in relation to the earlier books still presents a puzzle for every inspective reader of Republic. The following profound account on nature of imitative poetry shows clear signs of enmity and leaves very few options, which would dissuade the reader that Plato's goal is no less than to abolish poetry altogether. Socrates returns to the subject of poetry to justify its exclusion and determined by the argument, together with his companion Glaucon is compelled to conclude that there is no place for poetry, directed to pleasure and imitation, in the just city. The new justification, however, raises the question, whether book III’s imitation of good character is still allowed. In the present 4 study we take into account different points of the view and infer our position in relation to the problem. Throughout the text we find Plato’ attack to be branched out into three main directions. Plato argues against portrayal of unjust and generally bad character, the act of performance and the very form of the poetised statement. In the following chapters we will deal with the question of what is the real danger of poetry according to Plato, and whether it is harmful to everybody or to an elect few. The critique in book X, however, extends beyond the project of founding the ideal state. In the light of the theory of tripartite structure of the soul, the book X explains what damage the poetic mimesis causes to the minds of the audience. In the chapter 4, we discuss to whom and what kind of danger the imitative poetry is capable of doing. The text of book X contains still other ambiguous statements, which are no less important to consider in order to understand philosopher’s relation to poetry. Throughout the text Socrates repeatedly undercuts his arguments with sincere remarks, confessing his lingering love of poetry. It is the alluring power and capacity to bewitch that is holding him back against abandoning poetry completely. We will examine the counterpoint, which explores the problem of whether Socrates, committed to philosophical ideals might be seeking for a way to welcome both poetry and philosophy and whether it is, indeed, possible to be a 'philosophical lover of poetry'. The important sentence right at the beginning of Book X suggests the existence of a kind of knowledge that would make it possible to listen to poetry without falling under its spell. It is said that the 'antidote' consists in knowing of poetry's very nature (595b5-7). Taken in conjunction with the arguments provided by the discussion of poetry throughout the Republic, the metaphor of antidote presents a breakthrough point in relationship between poetry and philosophy. We will focus on exploring a possibility of reunion between the two. At the heart of the present study will be the thesis that philosopher's aim isn't to cure poetry nor to do away with it at last but to prevent the damage it causes. We argue that it is possible to trace Plato's intention to enable the rational force of philosophical logos to prevail over the overwhelming power of irrational emotion in his treatise on poetry. 5 2. Poetry in the context of The Republic of Plato Republic is one of Plato's later works, which contains perhaps the most comprehensive statement of his philosophical and political views. The work deals with the fundamental principles of human conduct such as knowledge, morality, effective education and relationship to the political community. The discussion brings forward the question of the character of justice. Socrates attempts to define justice through his dialogues with exemplary characters of the political scene. For far more substantial analysis, he undertakes the project of founding a city-state, based on principles of justice, harmony and division of labour. As a prelude to his construction of the ideal state, Socrates proclaims: “Lets build a city in words” (369c9). Consequently, the discussion covers all the range of influences, ideas, beliefs and practices that make up the society. In Plato's advocacy of the idea, the key role is assigned to philosophers. Among other issues, Socrates and his companions discuss features of philosophical temperament and the conditions in which it is most likely to develop and possible dangers. Noticeably, throughout the text Plato does not tire of visiting and revisiting the theme of poetry. The discussion involves analysis of psychological states as well as epistemological features of composition and reception of poetry. On the one hand, Plato criticizes and even banishes poets, unmasking poetry’s affectation and damaging influence. On the other hand, eloquent statements of continuing attachment to it, blunt the whole motif of ‘banishment’ of the poets from the ideal city. We wish to trace a deep ambiguity in Plato’s account on poetry, which elicited fundamentally different readings among scholars. 3. What is the danger of poetry? 3.1. The role of poetry in education in books II. and III. In Plato's day education of young Athenians was mainly the responsibility of the family and took place on private basis. It consisted partly of physical exercise and mousike. That it all arts, which are governed by the Muses: poetry, music, singing and dance. 6 Activities such as learning and reciting poetry were thus at the heart of the Athenian system of education. We must remember that Greek poetry was inseparable from its musical elements and ideated a kind of performance that combined words and music.1 In the Republic, Plato's far-reaching discussion of an advanced system of education, political structure and cognitive states contributes to unified idea of a community governed by knowledge. The operation of the whole society is ensured by the principle of specialization, which requires each class of citizens to fulfil its role by providing a component part of the common good. The special task of governance of the city is entrusted to the privileged class of guardians. According to Socrates, it is a prerequisite for an ideal society to have philosophers as kings (473d)2. They are said to be concerned with the truth and are in a better position to decide what is good for all. Of course, a character of future rulers will require proper training carried out from childhood. The books II-III are dealing with the matters of upbringing of the young. 3.2. Early education Plato holds that music and poetry have considerable effect on one’s character especially in the young age. In book II-III he expresses his concerns about their content as well as about their musical form. “Because rhythm and harmony most of all insinuate themselves into the inmost part of the soul and most vigorously lay hold of it in bringing grace with them; and they make a man graceful if he is correctly reared, if not, the opposite.”(401e) The long discussion of poetry and poetic education aims to perpetuate a general principle: 1 P., Murray, P., Wilson, Introduction in Music and the Muses The Culture of 'mousikē' in the Classical Athenian City', Oxford University Press, 2004 2 If not stated otherwise, the references in brackets refer to the standard Stenzel pagination that is given in Bloom’s translation in: Bloom, A., The Republic of Plato, translated with notes and an interpretative essay by Allan Bloom. Basic Books, 1968 (repr. 1991) 7 “…good speech, good harmony, good grace, and good rhythm accompany good disposition…” (400e) Intellectual and moral training of the young guardians is discussed at 376e- 378e3. The influence of poetry and arts, in the ideal city must be overseen and carefully inspected in order to ensure that the good kind of disposition prevails. The reader of earlier books of Republic witnesses the process of formation of the limitations on what kind of poetry will be allowed. Philosopher’s stance is uncompromising. The explicit censorship of poetry needs to be undertaken for the general good of the state. Socrates articulates his concern about the consequences that certain stories might have on child’s mind. He warns that ideas about gods and heroes are commonly derived from the existing poetry, which misinterprets the nature of the divine. His main objection is that the content of such works is not fitted for the educational purposes. Not only the youth acquires wrong kind of information, but because of the characteristic of the contemporary schooling methods, which required performance of the stories, they liken themselves to its flawed protagonists. The ‘likening’ or the act of producing a likeness has great significance in terms of the present discussion and with regard to the overall topic of our inquiry. In book III Socrates speaks not only about theatrical performances and its influence but also about guardian’s real behaviour. Children take in certain rules of conduct at very early stages of development. For this reason, familiarity with and the excessive participation in dramatic recitations are treated with apprehension and circumspection. First, Socrates calls in question the moral content of the stories that are being told to the children. Particularly the guardians, whose key role is that of embedding the ethical truths, thus being able to make accurate judgments regarding matters of fact, are prohibited to imitate unjust and bad characters. Since their view of things taken on at early age and is very hard to change, it is necessary to ensure that they hear only myths that encourage true virtue. Socrates proposes that only right kind of poetry is to be allowed in the city. To the question of what characters the guardians will be allowed to imitate Socrates answers by saying that: “If they (guardians) should do imitate anything, then from their earliest childhood they should choose appropriate models to imitate – people who are brave, self- disciplined, god-fearing, free, that sort of thing” (395c3-d2) 8 3.3. The form of mimetic storytelling Having discussed the issue of psychological and ethical effects of poetry, Socrates turns to the critique of 'style' or 'form'. The notion of mimesis is introduced with the analysis of the medium, through which poets convey their thoughts. The narrative might be 'simple', when a poet speaks in his own voice, or 'imitative' when he makes use of direct speech, putting his words in mouths of his characters, concealing himself behind a mask. Against this second form Socrates builds his argument. Genres such as comedy and tragedy receive the greatest attack, as they proceed wholly by imitation. The dithyrambs are said to consist of a simple narrative and epic poetry to contain both. A poet is said to liken himself to a character, what makes his audience believe that it’s the character speaking. The object of criticism in the first part of the work seems to be limited to works of poetry that contain parts or are wholly imitative. The spectrum of people who, in one sense or the other, engage in imitative poetry is expansive. Be it on the side of a maker of poetry, solicitous orator or merely belong to an audience, one is chargeable with producing a likeness. Initially, Socrates and his companion have agreed that a person can do a fine job in one activity only. He infers that a poet who attempts to imitate many things is doomed to failure. Neither is he capable of doing properly what he imitates, for he is firstly an imitator and not a carpenter or any other character in question. The same rule applies to the guardians of the City, who mustn't do or imitate anything else. They shall not be willing to represent an inferior character, but be ashamed of “fitting himself into, the models of worse men” (396d). Yet Socrates appears to be unsure whether this is the ultimate sentence for poetry. Regulations concerning of the form of poetry turn out to be quite complex and require a more profound analysis. The concept of mimesis, which he uses, proves to have multiple meanings. The discussion continues in the book X, where we are confronted yet with another definition. In the following chapter, we will try to figure out the ambiguity of the concept. 9 3.4. Understanding Mimesis As we have seen, the concept of mimesis differs noticeably in any of particular situations. According to Socrates, there are at least two kinds of imitation, which he criticizes in books II and III. Firstly, poetry, which features bad as well as good characters, is considered to be inappropriate for the ears of young guardians. At this stage, he is concerned with the content of poetry. He insists on banning of false and blasphemous stories, which corrupt the youth. The very act of performance has an immense influence on one’s character. Guards who “imitate” bad men, by likening themselves to such characters, tend to become bad. Therefore, they are discouraged to partake in any form of imitative behaviour, whether on stage or in real life. Secondly, imitation takes place in artistic production. This kind of imitation concerns the manner of performance. An actor or rhapsode imitate the characters created by poets. In reality, by doing so they imitate poet’s own words, which he puts in the mouths of his characters. To make it clear Socrates introduces the distinction between mimetic and non-mimetic storytelling. In mimetic storytelling, a poet “hides himself” by telling the story through his characters’ speeches. Only those who use narrative style with little or no changes of harmonic mode and rhythm will be welcomed in the city. Concerning the question whether the poets should be allowed to imitate at all, Socrates and Adeimantus finally agree that a poet “who would imitate the style of the decent man”(398b) would not be sent in exile. Socrates’ position is clarified in the profound account on the nature of poets’s work, which is presented in book X. However, before we turn to the second part of the critique in book X, let us have a look at some critics’ perspectives on it. Book X is sometimes treated as epilogue to the Republic. Many scholars suspect certain degree of inconsistency in Plato’s views in relation to the rest of the work. Some suggest it was written and added later3 3 Julia Annas holds a very critical view. Her unorthodox account of book X cuts across all central ideas on both knowledge and the Forms. She describes it as “an excrescence . . . full of 10