Journal of Sustainable Development; Vol. 10, No. 6; 2017 ISSN 1913-9063 E-ISSN 1913-9071 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Anthropometry and Ergonomic of Bale Sakenem (Case Study: Central Singapadu Village, Gianyar) I Wayan Parwata1, Anak Agung Gede Oka Wisnumurti2 & Ni Wayan Meidayanti Mustika3 1 Architecture Department Lecture, Faculty of Engineering, Warmadewa University, Indonesia 2 Social and Politics Department Lecture, Faculty of Social and Politics, Warmadewa University, Indonesia 3 Architecture Department Lecture, Faculty of Engineering, Warmadewa University, Indonesia Correspondence: Anak Agung Gede Oka Wisnumurti, Social and Politics Department Lecture, Faculty of Social and Politics, Warmadewa University, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: October 5, 2017 Accepted: October 21, 2017 Online Published: November 29, 2017 doi:10.5539/jsd.v10n6p222 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n6p222 Abstract The Bale Sakenem is one of the buildings located within the Balinese traditional house setting. The development and transformation of the Sakenem bale house are influenced by many factors including high demand, lack of qualified labor, time and work management system resulting in high intervention of Balinese builders (Undagi) on the implementation of the Bale Sakenem development. This research is an observational research using cross-sectional design. The study measures a sample of "Sakenem" house bale that measures in accordance with anthropometry from homeowners. The sample of the people in this study were Owners/home users who owned the Bale "Sakenem" House that met the inclusion criteria. Samples were randomly selected using cluster random sampling method. The results of this second-year study showed that 55% of the sample of people were comfortable with the high suitability of their own "sakenem" bale house structure while 81% of the sample people felt better comfort against the bale-bale of bale "sakenem" intervention house. The convenience of high listplank also known that as many as 66% comfort felt from the high listplank house bale "sakenem" intervention. And as many as 52% chose comfort and suitability of high sakenem "sakenem" saka house height which only slightly comparison with high saka bale "sakenem" control i.e. 48%. The height of the bale "sakenem" intervention is 76 cm and the average height from waist to toe of the user of bale "sakenem" house in the village of Singapadu Tengah Gianyar is 75.75 cm which means that the height of the rod indicates the height which is not ideal and cause inconvenience. The height of bale-bale from bale house "sakenem" is 67 cm and the average height from waist to tip of user heel bale "sakenem" in the village of Singapadu Tengah Gianyar is 75.75 cm which can be analyzed that the user can easily rise to the top of bale- bale and create comfort and security. High saka in bale house "sakenem" that is 195 cm and the average height of bale house owner "sakenem" measured from the tip of the head to the tip of the heel is 165.45 cm which means that the height of saka is still included in the criteria of comfort. Keywords: Balinese traditional architecture, user anthropometry, convenience 1. Introduction Research on architecture, humans and the environment is an interesting association for continuous research. Similarly, Bali Architecture is closely related to user and the surrounding environment. The result of Parwata (2011) study stated that the development of traditional Balinese home innovation is still based on the anthropometry of the Balinese as the house user, so that the user's suitability and convenience can be felt. Balinese traditional architecture is built following the layout and spatial arrangement of the house based on Asta Kosala Kosali concept. This concept is one of the concepts used in the technique of arranging a house or a sacred house based on the anatomy of the human body (anthropometry) of its owner. This concept is still used in the construction of traditional houses in Bali in accordance with philosophical, ethical and ritual foundations with due regard to the conception of manifestation, land selection, good days (dewasa ayu) to build a house, and the implementation of the ceremony (yadnya) in its construction. The traditional Balinese house is made up of merajan (‘head’ area of Balinese houses), bale and courtyard (‘body’ area of Balinese house), and the front part of house and backyard (‘legs’ area of Balinese house) (Putra, et al., 2017). 222 jsd.ccsenet.org Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 10, No. 6; 2017 The size of the existing house in several banjars in the village of Singapadu Tengah, Gianyar is still based on the ownership of AYDs land. This village's wasteland is a piece of land given by the local adat village where its residents live, the size of which is determined by the color level (caste), position and dadia (family groups / communities in the number of families) and can be used for generations according to the prevailing village rules. Generally, the house "sakenem" is owned by citizens of sudra caste, according to the size of the land given by the adat village. Each of the residents in the land has responsibilities for their customary villages such as: participating in a house and maintaining public houses owned by the village, preparing ceremonies related to customary activities and some activities that must be obeyed by the people. Residents who own houses "sakenem" is certainly the size of the land is narrower than people who have houses "sakutus" or "sakaroras". And if forced to build the house "sakutus" or "sakaroras" in the yard, then the layout and spatial arrangement of the house more crowded, uncomfortable and even shifting values on layout and spatial arrangement in Balinese architecture. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Bale Dangin House Form Bale Dangin is a house whose position is located on the east side of a traditional residence in Bali. Bale Dangin house form of rectangular or rectangular. Bale Dangin house consisting of 6 poles (Saka) is called Bale "Sakenem". Figure 1. Bale “Sakenem” House in Banjar Negari, Figure 2. Bale “Sakutus” House in Banjar Negari, Singapadu Tengah Village, Gianyar Singapadu Tengah Village, Gianyar Source : Observations (2015) Source: Observations (2015) Because the house Bale "Sakenem" is located in the eastern (dangin) natah umah, so this house is also often called Bale Dangin or Bale Gede. The main function of this house is the place of the ceremony. In some homes in the village of Singapadu Tengah, bale house "Sakenem" in addition functioned as a place of ceremony manusa yadnya, it is also used as a bed, especially for older family members like grandparents. The number of household members, the family income, and household type influenced the transformation of Bale Sakenem house (Sueca, 2003). Based on observations in the village of Singapadu Tengah, often the existing Bale Sakenem house has not considered the size (anthropometry) of the user. The result is the size of the house is too high, so users feel less safe and comfortable when using. The high house of Bale Sakenem can be seen from the size of stairs, Bataran, Bale-bale and pole (Saka). 223 jsd.ccsenet.org Journal of Suustainable Devellopment Vol. 10, No. 6;2017 The rooof of Bale Sakeneem House The waall of Bale Sakeneem House SSaka Baataran Balle-bale Figuure 3. The Partts of Bale Sakenem House Use of antthropometric ssizes from Balle "Sakenem" users/house owners well, wwill provide moore convenient and representaative results foor users/owners (Parwata, 20011). This meaasure is expeccted to be usedd as an exampple to other userss if it has the same anthropoometric size. TThe flexibility of this size is the basic stanndard of other Bale "Sakenem" house sizes. 2.2 House Structure of BBale "Sakenem" Bale housee "Sakenem" hhas the same concept with otther Balinese ttraditional houuse, that is in itts making usinng Tri Angga conncept that has tthree parts as ffollows (Rikyaana, 2016): a. The LLegs section caalled the Batarran, which is thhe lower lyingg rock, is madee of stone pairss. 800 Figgure 4. Batarann of Bale Sakeenem House b. Parts of the Body ccalled Saka annd Bale-bale aare part of the bale house "SSakenem" which is bound by the symbol sinneb which is thhe body of the house bale "Sakenem". 224 jsd.ccsenet.org Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 10, No. 6; 2017 Figure 5. Saka of Bali Sakenem House Bale-bale of Bale Sakenem House Figure 6. Bale-bale of Bale Sakenem House c. Head section is the top of the house bale "Sakenem" from sineb to the roof of the house. 225 jsd.ccsenet.org Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 10, No. 6; 2017 Figure 7. The roof of Bale Sakenem House 2.3 Anthropometry and Applications in Bale House "Sakenem" Anthropometry comes from the word "anthro" which means man and "metri" which means size. Definitively anthropometry is a study related to the measurement of the dimensions of the human body. Anthropometry plays an important role in the field of industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics, and architecture. In these fields, statistical data on the distribution of body dimensions of a population are required to produce the optimal product. Changes in everyday lifestyles, nutrients and ethnic composition of society can make changes in the distribution of body size. Anthropometry with physical characteristics of the human body, shape and strength and application of the data for handling design problems. Anthropometry can also be used as ergonomic considerations that require human interaction. The anthropometric data that have been obtained can be applied to the case (Wignjosoebroto, 2003): 1) Work area design (workstation, car interior) 2) Designing work equipment (machine, tooling) 3) Designing consumer products (clothes, chairs, computer desk) 4) Designing the physical work environment 3. Method This research is an observational research using cross-sectional design. The study was conducted by retrospective observational i.e. assessing the factors that could influence the anthropometry of Bale House "Sakenem". Having known factors that could affect the anthropometry of Bale House "Sakenem", the study continued by conducting pre-experimental research with one group pre-post-test design approach. The design of one group proposes test design is a design that reveals causal relationships by involving a group of subjects from a sample. Subject groups will be observed prior to intervention and observed again after intervention (Nursalam, 2008). In this study, researchers measured bale samples of "Sakenem" houses that were in accordance with the anthropometry of homeowners. The sample of the people in this study were Owners/home users who owned the Bale "Sakenem" House that met the inclusion criteria. Samples were randomly selected using cluster random sampling method. This sampling technique is carried out on a sampling unit, where the sampling unit consists of one cluster. Each item (individual) within the selected group will be taken as a sample. The sample of the selected person assesses the convenience of the "Sakenem" house bale sample that measures in accordance with the anthropometry of its users. 226 jsd.ccsenet.org Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 10, No. 6; 2017 4. Result and Discussion 4.1 Level of Comfort House Bale "Sakenem" Intervention and Control Comfort Level of House Bale "Sakenem" assessed by research instrument that is questionnaire of comfort level appraisal. This study analyzed the comparison of bale "sakenem" house comfort by requesting a sample of people comparing the comfort level of bale house "sakenem" with bale house "sakenem" hers. And after the comfort level is felt by a sample of people then the next sample of people asked to compare the comfort level of bale house "sakenem" intervention with bale house "sakenem" own. Based on the assessment of the comfort level of bale house "sakenem", the following results are obtained: The Comfort Assessment of Bale "Sakenem" House Intervention compared with Controls 90 81 80 66 70 55 60 52 48 45 50 40 34 Intervensi 30 19 Kontrol 20 10 0 Kenyamanan Kenyamanan Kenyamanan Kesesuaian Bataran Bale-bale Tinggi Listplank Tinggi Saka Figure 8. The Chart that Describes about The Comfort Assessment of Bale "Sakenem" House Intervention compared with Controls Based on the diagram above, it can be seen that as many as 55% are more comfortable with the high suitability of their own "sakenem" bale house. High-impact comforts are assessed by assessing whether they are comfortable when they are grounded and when they go up and down through the rocks. The bale of the bale house "sakenem" intervention tends to be less comfortable when compared to the bale of the bale house "sakenem" belonging to a sample of people. From the figure above, it can also be seen that as many as 81% of the sample people feel better comfort against the bale-bale of the bale house "sakenem" intervention. Measurement of comfort to the bale-bale done by doing up and down activities and sitting on the bale-bale. The convenience of high listplank can also be known based on the picture above, that is as much as 66% comfort felt from the high listplank house bale "sakenem" intervention. The convenience of high listplank is known by grabbing listplank and feel the comfort of high listplank. In the measurement of comfort is also seen whether the sample of people has to tiptoe in reaching listplank. If the sample of people able to reach listplank without tiptoe, then it can be categorized that the listplank is appropriate and comfortable. Based on the figure above can be seen also that as much as 52% who chose the comfort and suitability of high saka house bale "sakenem" intervention that only slightly comparison with high saka house bale "sakenem" control that is 48%. Comfort and suitability of saka height are measured by user's "rai" and compared to the height of the saka. Another way to measure the comfort of saka height is by measuring the height of the sample of the person and then compared with the height of saka. 4.2 Comparative Analysis of Antecomputer Size of Bale House Users "Sakenem" with Bale House "Sakenem" Intervention Anthropometric measurements can be used as ergonomic considerations that require human interaction. House 227 jsd.ccsenet.org Journal of Suustainable Devellopment Vol. 10, No. 6;2017 bale "sakeenem" in Hinddu religious aactivities is neeeded for religgious ceremonnies. This balee "sakenem" hhouse functionedd as a place foor performingg religious cereemonies (mannusa yadnya aand pitra yadnyya), for a placce of musyawarrah for family, and as a bed or resting placce for an old ffamily membeer. Therefore, tthe convenience of bale housee "sakenem" iss very importaant created to pprovide a sensse of comfort and safety to parents and faamily members wwhen doing acctivities in balee house "sakennem". Comfortt can be seen ffrom the comffort of climbing the stairs of thhe house (rockk), comfort whhile climbing innto bed from bbale house "saakenem" (bale--bale), and commfort and flexibiility while in bbale house "sakkenem" which can be measuured through thhe height of sakka. The result of anthropommetric measurement of bale hhouse user "saakenem" whichh is then analyyzed and comppared with the heeight of the rocck can be seenn in the followiing figure. Comparrative Anaalysis of BBale "Sakeenem" Userss' Antropoometric Siize with HHigh BBataran's IInterventiion Housee 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 Tinggi D Figure 9. TThe Chart that DDescribes Commparative Anallysis of Bale "SSakenem" Useers' Antropomeetric Size with High Bataran's IIntervention HHouse Based on tthe picture aboove 4, it can bee seen that the height of bale from bale houuse "sakenem" intervention is 76 cm. After uuser anthropommetric measureement, it is knoown that the avverage height from waist to toe of the userr of bale "sakenem" house inn the village off Singapadu Teengah Gianyar is 75.75 cm. WWith the user'ss high averagess, the height of tthe rod indicatees an unfavoraable height andd inconveniencce when the usser goes up andd sits on the rock. This is duee to excessivelly high temperratures and cauuses discomforrt while sitting on the rocks. This is also in accordancee with the resuults of high-commfort measureements where aas many as 55%% chose the heeight of the bale house's "saakenem" housee of a more comfortable persson compared to the bale houuse "sakenem"" intervention. Measuremment analyzes oof anthropomettric measures oof users were aalso comparedd with high balle-bale of the bbale house "sakkenem" interveention. The ressults of the commparison can bbe seen as folloows. 228 jsd.ccsenet.org Journal of Suustainable Devellopment Vol. 10, No. 6;2017 Comparaative Anallysis of Baale "Sakennem" Users' Anntropomettric Size wwith High Bale- bbale's Inteervention House 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 60 Tinggi DD Tinggi BBale-bale Figure 100. The Chart thhat Describes CComparative AAnalysis of Bale "Sakenem" Users' Antroppometric Size wwith High Bale-balle's Interventioon House Based on tthe picture aboove, it can be sseen that the hheight of bale-bbale from balee house "sakennem" is 67 cm. The measuremment results shoowed that the aaverage heightt from waist too heel end userr bale "sakenemm" in the village of Singapaduu Tengah Giannyar is 75.75 ccm. From the results of the comparison, it can be seenn that the heigght of bale-bale oof the house inntervention meeets the criteriaa of comfort. VViewed from thhe height of baale-bale bale hhouse "sakenem"" intervention that is 67 cmm and compareed with the avverage height from waist too tip heel user bale "sakenem"" in the villagee Singapadu Teengah Gianyarr is 75.75 cm, can be analyzzed that the useer can easily riise to the top baale-bale. The eease of activitiies up and down in the balee-bale creates the comfort aand security too use bale-bale as a place off traditional cceremonies. BBased on the high comfort rating of balle-bale bale hhouse "sakenem"" intervention is also approopriate ie as mmuch as 81%% sample peopple choose higgh bale-bale hhome interventioon much more convenient annd easy in doinng activities. The heighht measuremennt of saka in bbale house "saakenem" intervvention was allso analyzed aand compared with anthropommetric measureement results oof users. An aanthropometricc measure useed is the size of the height from head to hheel. The resuult of compariison analysis of anthropommetric measuree of users wiith high saka bale "sakenem"" intervention ccan be seen ass follows. 229 jsd.ccsenet.org Journal of Suustainable Devellopment Vol. 10, No. 6;2017 Comparrative Anaalysis of BBale "Sakeenem" Users' Anntropomettric Size wwith High Saka's Intervvention Hoouse 250 200 150 100 50 0 Tinggi B Figure 111. The Chart thhat Describes CComparative AAnalysis of Bale "Sakenem" Users' Antroppometric Size wwith High Saka'ss Intervention HHouse Based on the picture abbove 6, it can be seen that tthe height of ssaka on bale hhouse "sakenemm" is 195 cm.. The average heeight of bale hhouse owner "ssakenem" meaasured from heead to heel is 1165.45 cm. Thhese results inddicate that the heeight of saka is still includeed in the criteeria of comforrt. This is alsoo in accordancce with a studdy by Parwata (22016), which sstates that the mmaximum toleerable saka is 2209 cm. The rresults of this aanalysis are allso in accordancee with conforrmity and commfort assessmeent of high saaka where as mmuch as 52%% of sample peeople choose higgh saka bale hoouse "sakenemm" interventionn is in accordannce with high aand comfort. 5. Conclussion This studyy analyzed andd compared thhe bale house "sakenem" inttervention withh bale house ""sakenem" conntrol. The resultts of measuremment and analyysis of the higgh variables SSaka, high Battaran, and highh Bale-bale caan be summarizeed as follows: 1) As many as 55%% of the samplee people feel ccomfortable wiith the high suuitability of theeir own "sakennem" bale housee while 81% of the samplle people feell better comfoorts against thhe bale-bale oof bale "sakennem" interventioon house. The convenience of high listplaank also knowwn that as manny as 66% commfort felt fromm the high listpllank house balle "sakenem" intervention. AAnd as many as 52% chosee comfort and suitability of high sakenem ""sakenem" sakka house heightt which only sslightly compaarison with higgh saka bale "ssakenem" contrrol ie 48%. 2) Thee height of thee bale "sakeneem" interventioon is 76 cm annd the averagee height from waist to toe oof the user of baale house "sakenem" in the village of Sinngapadu Tengaah Gianyar is 75.75 cm. whhich means thaat the height of tthe rod shows aan unhealthy hheight and causes discomfortt. 3) Thee bale-bale heeight of the baale "sakenem" house is 67 ccm and the avverage height of bale "sakennem" users in thhe village of Siingapadu Tenggah Gianyar is 75.75 cm whiich can be anallyzed that the user can easilyy rise to the top oof the bale andd create comfoort and securityy. 4) Thee height of sakka in bale houuse "sakenem" that is 195 cmm and the aveerage height off bale house owner "sakenem"" measured froom the tip of thhe head to thee tip of the heeel is 165.45 cmm which meanns that the heigght of saka is stilll included in the criteria of ccomfort. 5) Thee positive sidees of user antthropometry aapplied to Balle Sakenem aare Bale Sakennem house caan be utilized opptimally, userss do not feel ddifficult when climbing to thhe rocks, sit aand sleep in BBale-bale and wwhen reaching llangki (dioverrstek). 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