Portrait of a Teacher: Anthony Walsh and the Inkameep Indian Day School, 1932-1942 By Lisa-Marie Smith B.A., Carleton University, 1993 M.C.S., Regent College, 1998 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of Educational Psychology and Leadership Studies @Lisa-MarieS mith, 2004 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Co-Supervisors: Dr. Yvonne Martin-Newcombe and Dr. Thomas Fleming ABSTRACT As part of the federal government's assimilationist policies during the 1930'~~ Canada's residential schools aimed to erase Indian culture. Another initiative existed for the education of native children: the day school. Located on the reservations, day schools shared more in common with the rural schools of the Province. From 1932-1942, in British Columbia's Okanagan valley, Anthony Walsh taught the children of Inkameep Day School. The focus of this thesis is on Walsh's educational career; his endeavour to integrate indigenous knowledge into his lessons, alongside the provincial curriculum; his promotion of native culture in the classroom; and his efforts to instill pride in his students' native heritage. This paper was conducted using conventional historical methods, and draws on archival sources. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ...................................... i .. Abstract ........................................ 11 ... Table of Contents ............................... 111 Acknowledgments .............................. iv Chapter 1 Introduction and Literature Search Introduction .............................. 1 Methods .................................. 3 Sources ................................. 4 Literature Pertaining to Indian Education ..... 7 Significance of the Study .................... 9 Problems and Limitations .................. 11 Chapter 2 The Written Record Introduction .............................. 14 Early Initiatives ........................... 16 Policy Shift ............................... 20 The Residential Schools .................... 22 Emergence of the Day Schools .............. 26 Chapter 3 Anthony Walsh Introduction to Inkameep School ............ 32 Almost a Conventional Teacher ............. 34 Day School Administration ................. 37 Background of Anthony Walsh .............. 38 An Accidental Teacher ..................... 39 Life at Inkameep .......................... 40 A Broader Cultural Agenda ................ 45 A Teacher's Success ....................... 47 Success on All Fronts ...................... 49 Testimony from Students and Teachers ...... 53 Chapter 4 Network of Support Alice Ravenhill and Friends .................6 2 Foes ..................................... 73 Chapter 5 Conclusion Closing Thoughts ......................... 80 Literature Cited .................................8 4 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Anthony Walsh for his contributions to learning and teaching in the Province of British Columbia, and the former students of Inkameep for their role in his educational initiatives. His circle of friends, although small in number and advanced in years, continues to demonstrate loyalty and passion for his work. Sister Audrey Beauvais, Esther Jedynack and Dr. John Buell, I thank you for sharing your memories. To Dr. Thomas Fleming, I express my sincere gratitude for your steadfast belief in this project from the very beginning. Drs. Yvonne Martin-Newcombe, Helen Raptis and Vern Storey have each contributed their own expertise to the development of this paper and to my skill as a writer. As an apprentice in the tradition of academic writing, I am honoured by the support that each of my committee members has provided along the way. My co-workers in the UVic Purchasing Department deserve a particular mention. Not only have they endured stories of my archival adventures, lost documents, and similar trials of graduate school, they have also contributed to my sense of wellness by keeping me grounded, and have invited me to share in their own life stories. Thank you to my parents, Lois and Barry Smith, and to my grandmother Dolly Carlson. I would also like to thank my own circle of friends; their enthusiasm for Tony's legacy convinced me to continue digging, and their many acts of kindness have strengthened me through the otherwise lonely days of writing. Lisa-Marie Smith, BA, MCS Victoria, BC, July 2004 Chapter One Introduction and Literature Search Introduction On October 23,1989, Ernest Joseph Anthony Walsh was appointed Member of the Order of Canada' for his work as the founder of Benedict Labre House, shelter for the aged and homeless men of Montreal. As a recipient of one of the nation's highest honours, Walsh officially received the Order of Canada "for voluntarily dedicat[ing] himself to a life of poverty in the service of others. . . his compassion and wisdom, helping the needy regain a sense of dignity."' Inspired by the Hospitality Movement of American depression era social reformer, Dorothy Day: Walsh rejected social convention and embraced poverty. Living for much of his life off the generosity of others, he worked to eliminate a social fear of the poor and to instill hope in people living on society's margins. The Order of Canada was but one of a long list of honours Walsh earned for his humanitarianism. In 1975, Concordia University awarded him the degree Doctor of Laws honoris causa for his "love and concern for his fellow human beings."4 1n 1978, Assumption University in Montreal presented Walsh with the Christian Culture ~wardfjo r being an "outstanding exponent of Christian idealsu6a nd, in 1981, the Archdiocese of Montreal celebrated Walsh's contribution to humanity by making him a recipient of the Ignace Bourget Award.' These academic and ecclesiastical awards, all presented in Eastern Canada, celebrated Walsh's work with the poor, his dedication to the service of others, and his personal commitment to peace, poverty, anonymity, and celibacy. Nothing, however, in these honours alluded to his earlier and, arguably, his most profound work, in Western Canada with the Okanagan indigenous peoples of British Columbia during the depression era.' In keeping with the dictates of federal policy, Indian education in the residential schools during the depression years aimed to erase indigenous culture by converting native students to the religion, language, and culture of the colonizing people. In contrast to objectives of the Dominion Government's residential school system, Walsh attempted to educate Indian children on the Inkameep reservation in ways that were far more pedagogically sensitive and that were directed toward reviving the pride of aboriginal youngsters in their own culture and traditions. His primary goal: to revive Indian pride and to pursue this in the context of a one-room Indian day school. Although Walsh is primarily known for his later work as a humanitarian and social activist, this investigation is directed toward reconstructing the accomplishments of Walsh's earlier life as a teacher in a one-room day school at Inkameep, and toward understanding the social and educational philosophy that prompted him to teach aboriginal children in ways considered uncommon at the time.9T he purpose of the following discussion is to examine Walsh's work as a teacher at the Inkameep day school in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley between 1932 and 1942, and to investigate the nature of his relationships with aboriginal people. In other words, the focus of this thesis is Walsh's educational career; his endeavour to integrate indigenous knowledge into his lessons, alongside the provincial curriculum; his promotion of native culture in the classroom; and his efforts to instill pride in his students' native heritage, and, in the process, to cultivate and bring public attention to some of Canada's finest aboriginal artists of the depression era. This study of Walsh's career will provide a more comprehensive and detailed portrait of Walsh's early life and his educational work with aboriginal children than the historical record currently provides, as well as a fuller understanding of how aboriginal day schools functioned in British Columbia prior to the early 1950s, when the education of Indian youngsters became the responsibility of the provincial authorities. Three simple questions have guided this research: 1. What was the character and condition of aboriginal education in British Columbia between 1932 and 1942? 2. What were Walsh's classroom practices and how did they differ from the common educational practices in aboriginal schools of this era? 3. What were the social and intellectual foundations of Walsh's approach to teaching Indian children and what were the factors that prompted him to teach in the way he did? Methods This investigation was conducted using conventional historical methods. Primary and secondary sources were identified, examined, and analyzed for content. The basic facts of Walsh's life were established, organized in chronological order, and confirmed by the triangulation of sources. The writings and papers of Walsh's friends and associates were analyzed to establish the context in which he worked, the nature of his relationships, and the origins of his ideas and motives. Records from federal and provincial governments were reviewed to establish government policies, procedures, and objectives in aboriginal education, the conditions of government-supported schools, the practices of government school inspectors, and the general character of life in aboriginal communities in the 1920s and 1930s. A constellation of secondary sources were likewise examined to determine the nature of Indian education before, during, and after the depression era; the place of aboriginal peoples in provincial and national life in the early decades of the twentieth century; the extent of social awareness of aboriginal life and culture in the 1920s; and the educators, artists, and anthropologists who first advocated a greater appreciation of aboriginal traditions in British Columbia. Sources Writings that refer directly to Anthony Walsh and his educational and social work are fragmentary in nature. Scholarly literature pertaining to Walsh's time at Inkameep consists mainly of three journal articles published by the Okanagan Historical Society: two of which address his work on the Inkameep reserve, and the third chronicles the development of the Okanagan Society for the Furtherance of Indian Arts and Crafts. Other written records of Walsh's life are considerably more informative. Lucien Miller's biography, Alone for Others," based on a series of interviews with Walsh's former students and friends, deals principally with Walsh's later involvement in establishing shelters for homeless people in Montreal. Dr. John Buell's tribute Travelling Light: the way and life of Tony Walsh, draws on interviews and the unpublished papers of Anthony Walsh to chronicle Walsh's life (from 1898-1994). The British Columbia Archives (BCA) holds a handful of "memoirs" that Walsh tried unsuccessfully to publish in 1937." These and other reminiscences of times past may be found in Steven Hagarty's collection of private papers.'3 In particular, chapter three of Walsh's writings in the Hagarty's papers, entitled "Pioneering," provides assorted details of life on the Inkameep reservation between 1932 and 1942.'~ Walsh's extensive travel in Canada, the United States and Europe is poorly documented. Likely, his modesty and desire for "a private life" explains why he wrote surprisingly little about himself. He did, however, record his years at Inkameep in brief essays that he wrote for WAMPUM (1942), Ensign (1949), the Osoyoos Times (August 1994), and Compass (March 1995)15 Along with these writings, he also published a small series of newsletters ("Letters Five"), in some of which he looks back on his years at Inkameep (see February 1989, May 1989, June 1990, March 1993, May 1993, and July 1994). Together with these writings, Walsh also left a small body of assorted correspondence, along with a report "Addressed to the Royal Commi~sion"in~ 1~9 46 and "Suggestions Furnished by Anthony Walsh and Noel Stewart on successful Methods for Stimulating Latent Artistic Abilities in Indian School Children, Both Boys and Girls, With Mutual Encouragement and Benefit," which he co-authored and submitted with Noel Stewart, a teacher at the residential school in Lytton, British Columbia in 1946 to the Dominion Government's Senate chambers. Albeit scattered in character, a substantial collection of secondary source material about Walsh's life exists. The BCA also serves as the repository for a scrapbook (Add.MSS 2629) of the Society for the Furtherance of BC Indian Arts and Crafts (SFIAC), which contains news clippings that relate to Inkameep and Walsh's contributions. This is singularly the most complete collection of writings on Walsh's educational career at Inkameep. In chronological order, the collection includes an assortment of articles" including: Toronto Globe and Mail September 30,1933; reproduced paintings in the Vancouver Province March 28,1936; "Animals Play Tug of War," The Dailv Mirror, London, March 27,1936; News Chronicle March 29,1936; "Indian School Produces More Work Worth of Highest Merit," (~1940)'';" Inkameep is a monument to one man" Penticton Herald, May 2, 194019;" They too have something to offer," The Calgarv Herald, Saturday November 22,1941, p.3; A.J. Dalrymple "He Plays the Roles of Humans, Beasts, Spirits," Saturday February 28,1942 Winnipeg Tribune, p. 5; A.J. Dalrymple. "Schoolmaster Revives Pride of Race Among Talented Indian Near Oliver," Vancouver Dailv Province, Saturday March 21, 194220"; Young