Table Of Content

ANSI/AISC 360-16 An American National Standard Specification for Structural Steel Buildings July 7, 2016 Supersedes the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings dated June 22, 2010 and all previous versions Approved by the Committee on Specifications AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 130 East Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois 60601 www.aisc.org Blue_Cover_A360-16.indd 1 5/5/2017 3:26:33 PM ANSI/AISC 360-16 An American National Standard Specification for Structural Steel Buildings July 7, 2016 Supersedes the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings dated June 22, 2010 and all previous versions Approved by the Committee on Specifications AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 130 East Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois 60601 www.aisc.org Covers_A360-16.indd 1 5/5/2017 3:33:23 PM Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION © AISC 2016 by American Institute of Steel Construction All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The AISC logo is a registered trademark of AISC. The information presented in this publication has been prepared by a balanced committee following American National Standards Institute (ANSI) consensus procedures and recog- nized principles of design and construction. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without compe- tent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability and applicability by a licensed engineer or architect. The publication of this information is not a representa- tion or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction, its officers, agents, employees or committee members, or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use, or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. All representations or warranties, express or implied, other than as stated above, are specifically disclaimed. Anyone making use of the information presented in this publication assumes all liability arising from such use. Caution must be exercised when relying upon standards and guidelines developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. The American Institute of Steel Construction bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition. Printed in the United States of America Revised June 2018 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims.qxp_15th Ed._2016 2018-05-10 12:18 PM Page ii 16.1-iii Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION PREFACE (This Preface is not part of ANSI/AISC 360-16, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, but is included for informational purposes only.) This Specification is based upon past successful usage, advances in the state of knowledge, and changes in design practice. The 2016 American Institute of Steel Construction’s Specification for Structural Steel Buildings provides an integrated treatment of allowable strength design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD), and replaces earlier Specifications. As indicated in Chapter B of the Specification, designs can be made accord- ing to either ASD or LRFD provisions. This ANSI-approved Specification has been developed as a consensus document using ANSI-accredited procedures to provide a uniform practice in the design of steel-framed buildings and other structures. The intention is to provide design criteria for routine use and not to provide specific criteria for infrequently encountered problems, which occur in the full range of structural design. This Specification is the result of the consensus deliberations of a committee of structural engineers with wide experience and high professional standing, representing a wide geo- graphical distribution throughout the United States. The committee includes approximately equal numbers of engineers in private practice and code agencies, engineers involved in research and teaching, and engineers employed by steel fabricating and producing compa- nies. The contributions and assistance of more than 50 additional professional volunteers working in task committees are also hereby acknowledged. The Symbols, Glossary, Abbreviations and Appendices to this Specification are an inte- gral part of the Specification. A nonmandatory Commentary has been prepared to provide background for the Specification provisions and the user is encouraged to consult it. Additionally, nonmandatory User Notes are interspersed throughout the Specification to provide concise and practical guidance in the application of the provisions. A number of significant technical modifications have also been made since the 2010 edition of the Specification, including the following: • Adopted an ASTM umbrella bolt specification, ASTM F3125, that includes Grades A325, A325M, A490, A490M, F1852 and F2280 • Adopted new ASTM HSS material specifications, ASTM A1085/A1085M and A1065/ A1065M, that permit use of a design thickness equal to the full nominal thickness of the member • Expanded the structural integrity provisions applicable to connection design • Added a shear lag factor for welded plates or connected elements with unequal length longitudinal welds • The available compressive strength for double angles and tees is determined by the general flexural-torsional buckling equation for members without slender elements • Added a constrained-axis torsional buckling limit state for members with lateral bracing offset from the shear center • Revised the available compressive strength formulation for members with slender com- pression elements • Reformulated the available flexural strength provisions for tees and double angles AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page iii (Black plate) 16.1-iv PREFACE Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION • Revised the shear strength of webs of certain I-shapes and channels without tension field action and when considering tension field action • Increased the limit on rebar strength to 80 ksi for composite columns • Incorporated provisions for applying the direct analysis method to composite members • Inserted general requirements to address minimum composite action in composite beams • Revised the provisions for bolts in combination with welds • Increased minimum pretension for 11/8-in.-diameter and larger bolts • Increased standard hole sizes and short-slot and long-slot widths for 1-in.-diameter and larger bolts • Reorganized the HSS connection design provisions in Chapter K, including reference to Chapter J for some limit states • Expanded provisions in Appendix 1 for direct modeling of member imperfections and inelasticity that may be used with the direct analysis method • Inserted a table of properties of high-strength bolts at elevated temperatures in Appendix 4 The reader is cautioned that professional judgment must be exercised when data or recom mendations in the Specification are applied, as described more fully in the disclaimer notice preceding this Preface. This Specification was approved by the Committee on Specifications, R. Shankar Nair, Chairman Mark V. Holland Patrick J. Fortney, Vice-Chairman John D. Hooper Allen Adams Nestor R. Iwankiw Taha D. Al-Shawaf William P. Jacobs, V William F. Baker Ronald J. Janowiak John M. Barsom, Emeritus Lawrence A. Kloiber Reidar Bjorhovde Lawrence F. Kruth Roger L. Brockenbrough, Emeritus Jay W. Larson Charles J. Carter Roberto T. Leon Gregory G. Deierlein James O. Malley Carol J. Drucker Duane K. Miller W. Samuel Easterling Larry S. Muir Duane S. Ellifritt, Emeritus Thomas M. Murray Bruce R. Ellingwood, Emeritus Douglas A. Rees-Evans Michael D. Engelhardt Rafael Sabelli Shu-Jin Fang, Emeritus Thomas A. Sabol Steven J. Fenves, Emeritus Benjamin W. Schafer James M. Fisher Robert E. Shaw, Jr. John W. Fisher, Emeritus Donald R. Sherman Theodore V. Galambos, Emeritus W. Lee Shoemaker Louis F. Geschwindner William A. Thornton Ramon E. Gilsanz Raymond H.R. Tide, Emeritus Lawrence G. Griffis Chia-Ming Uang John L. Gross, III Amit H. Varma Jerome F. Hajjar Donald W. White Patrick M. Hassett Ronald D. Ziemian Tony C. Hazel Cynthia J. Duncan, Secretary Richard A. Henige, Jr. AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-12-26 9:56 AM Page iv (Black plate) PREFACE 16.1-v Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION The Committee honors former members, David L. McKenzie, Richard C. Kaehler and Keith Landwehr, and advisory member, Fernando Frias, who passed away during this cycle. The Committee gratefully acknowledges advisory members, Carlos Aguirre, Edward E. Garvin and Alfred F. Wong, for their contributions, and the following task committee mem- bers for their involvement in the development of this document. Farid Alfawakhiri Bonnie E. Manley Susan B. Burmeister Peter W. Marshall Art Bustos Jason P. McCormick Helen Chen James A. Milke Marshall T. Ferrell Heath E. Mitchell Christopher M. Foley J.R. Ubejd Mujagic George Frater Jeffrey A. Packer Steven Freed Conrad Paulson Christine Freisinger Teoman Pekoz Mike Gase Thomas D. Poulos Rodney D. Gibble Christopher H. Raebel Arvind V. Goverdhan Gian Andrea Rassati Todd A. Helwig Clinton O. Rex Alfred A. Herget Thomas J. Schlafly Stephen M. Herlache James Schoen Steven J. Herth Richard Scruton Matthew A. Johann Thomas Sputo Ronald Johnson Andrea E. Surovek Daniel J. Kaufman James A. Swanson Venkatesh K.R. Kodur Matthew Trammell Michael E. Lederle Brian Uy Andres Lepage Sriramulu Vinnakota J. Walter Lewis Michael A. West LeRoy A. Lutz AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2017-01-04 1:49 PM Page v (Black plate) 16.1-vi Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xli ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liv SPECIFICATION A. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A1. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. Seismic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Nuclear Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A2. Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A3. Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. Structural Steel Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1a. ASTM Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1b. Unidentified Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1c. Rolled Heavy Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1d. Built-Up Heavy Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2. Steel Castings and Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. Bolts, Washers and Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Anchor Rods and Threaded Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Consumables for Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Headed Stud Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 A4. Structural Design Drawings and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 B1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 B2. Loads and Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 B3. Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. Design for Strength Using Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) . 12 2. Design for Strength Using Allowable Strength Design (ASD) . . . . . . . . 12 3. Required Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4. Design of Connections and Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4a. Simple Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4b. Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. Design of Diaphragms and Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6. Design of Anchorages to Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7. Design for Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8. Design for Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 9. Design for Structural Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10. Design for Ponding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 11. Design for Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 12. Design for Fire Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 13. Design for Corrosion Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 B4. Member Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2017-01-04 1:49 PM Page vi (Black plate) TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-vii Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 1. Classification of Sections for Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1a. Unstiffened Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1b. Stiffened Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. Design Wall Thickness for HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. Gross and Net Area Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3a. Gross Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3b. Net Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 B5. Fabrication and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 B6. Quality Control and Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 B7. Evaluation of Existing Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 C. DESIGN FOR STABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 C1. General Stability Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1. Direct Analysis Method of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2. Alternative Methods of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 C2. Calculation of Required Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1. General Analysis Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2. Consideration of Initial System Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2a. Direct Modeling of Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2b. Use of Notional Loads to Represent Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. Adjustments to Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 C3. Calculation of Available Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 D. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 D1. Slenderness Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 D2. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 D3. Effective Net Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 D4. Built-Up Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 D5. Pin-Connected Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2. Dimensional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 D6. Eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2. Dimensional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 E. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 E1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 E2. Effective Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 E3. Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 E4. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Single Angles and Members without Slender Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 E5. Single-Angle Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 E6. Built-Up Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1. Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2. Dimensional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 E7. Members with Slender Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1. Slender Element Members Excluding Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page vii (Black plate) 16.1-viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION F. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 F1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 F2. Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 F3. Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Compact Webs and Noncompact or Slender Flanges Bent about Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . 49 1. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2. Compression Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 F4. Other I-Shaped Members with Compact or Noncompact Webs Bent About Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 1. Compression Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3. Compression Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4. Tension Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 F5. Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Slender Webs Bent about Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 1. Compression Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3. Compression Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4. Tension Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 F6. I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about Their Minor Axis . . . . . . . . . . 56 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2. Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 F7. Square and Rectangular HSS and Box Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2. Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3. Web Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 F8. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2. Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 F9. Tees and Double Angles Loaded in the Plane of Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3. Flange Local Buckling of Tees and Double-Angle Legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4. Local Buckling of Tee Stems and Double-Angle Leg Webs in Flexural Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 F10. Single Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3. Leg Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 F11. Rectangular Bars and Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page viii (Black plate) TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-ix Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION F12. Unsymmetrical Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3. Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 F13. Proportions of Beams and Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 1. Strength Reductions for Members with Holes in the Tension Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2. Proportioning Limits for I-Shaped Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3. Cover Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4. Built-Up Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5. Unbraced Length for Moment Redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 G. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 G1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 G2. I-Shaped Members and Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 1. Shear Strength of Webs without Tension Field Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2. Shear Strength of Interior Web Panels with a/h ≤ 3 Considering Tension Field Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3. Transverse Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 G3. Single Angles and Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 G4. Rectangular HSS, Box Sections, and other Singly and Doubly Symmetric Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 G5. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 G6. Weak-Axis Shear in Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 G7. Beams and Girders with Web Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 H. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 H1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3. Doubly Symmetric Rolled Compact Members Subject to Single-Axis Flexure and Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 H2. Unsymmetric and Other Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 H3. Members Subject to Torsion and Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear, and/or Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 1. Round and Rectangular HSS Subject to Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2. HSS Subject to Combined Torsion, Shear, Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3. Non-HSS Members Subject to Torsion and Combined Stress . . . . . . . . 84 H4. Rupture of Flanges with Holes Subjected to Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page ix (Black plate) 16.1-x TABLE OF CONTENTS Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION I. DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 I1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 1. Concrete and Steel Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 2. Nominal Strength of Composite Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2a. Plastic Stress Distribution Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2b. Strain Compatibility Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2c. Elastic Stress Distribution Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2d. Effective Stress-Strain Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3. Material Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4. Classification of Filled Composite Sections for Local Buckling . . . . . . 88 5. Stiffness for Calculation of Required Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 I2. Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 1. Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 1a. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 1b. Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 1c. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 1d. Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 1e. Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 2. Filled Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2a. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2b. Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2c. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2d. Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 I3. Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1a. Effective Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1b. Strength During Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2. Composite Beams with Steel Headed Stud or Steel Channel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2a. Positive Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2b. Negative Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2c. Composite Beams with Formed Steel Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2. Deck Ribs Oriented Perpendicular to Steel Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 3. Deck Ribs Oriented Parallel to Steel Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2d. Load Transfer between Steel Beam and Concrete Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1. Load Transfer for Positive Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2. Load Transfer for Negative Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3. Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4. Filled Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4a. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4b. Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 I4. Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 1. Filled and Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2. Composite Beams with Formed Steel Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 I5. Combined Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims.qxp_15th Ed._2016 2018-05-07 7:15 PM Page x TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-xi Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION I6. Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 1. General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2. Force Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2a. External Force Applied to Steel Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2b. External Force Applied to Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2c. External Force Applied Concurrently to Steel and Concrete . . . . . . . . 102 3. Force Transfer Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3a. Direct Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3b. Shear Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3c. Direct Bond Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4. Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4a. Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4b. Filled Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 I7. Composite Diaphragms and Collector Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 I8. Steel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2. Steel Anchors in Composite Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2a. Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2b. Strength of Steel Channel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2c. Required Number of Steel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2d. Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3. Steel Anchors in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 3a. Shear Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3b. Tensile Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3c. Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors for Interaction of Shear and Tension in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3d. Shear Strength of Steel Channel Anchors in Composite Components . . 111 3e. Detailing Requirements in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 J. DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 J1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 1. Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 2. Simple Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 3. Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 4. Compression Members with Bearing Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5. Splices in Heavy Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6. Weld Access Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7. Placement of Welds and Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 8. Bolts in Combination with Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 9. Welded Alterations to Structures with Existing Rivets or Bolts . . . . . . 116 10. High-Strength Bolts in Combination with Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 J2. Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 1. Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 1a. Effective Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page xi (Black plate) 16.1-xii TABLE OF CONTENTS Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 1b. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2. Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2a. Effective Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2b. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 3. Plug and Slot Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 3a. Effective Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 3b. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4. Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5. Combination of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6. Filler Metal Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7. Mixed Weld Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 J3. Bolts and Threaded Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 1. High-Strength Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 2. Size and Use of Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 3. Minimum Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 4. Minimum Edge Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5. Maximum Spacing and Edge Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6. Tensile and Shear Strength of Bolts and Threaded Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7. Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections . . . . . . . . 133 8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 9. Combined Tension and Shear in Slip-Critical Connections . . . . . . . . . 135 10. Bearing and Tearout Strength at Bolt Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 11. Special Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 12. Wall Strength at Tension Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 J4. Affected Elements of Members and Connecting Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 1. Strength of Elements in Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 2. Strength of Elements in Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 3. Block Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 4. Strength of Elements in Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5. Strength of Elements in Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 J5. Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 1. Fillers in Welded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 1a. Thin Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 1b. Thick Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 2. Fillers in Bolted Bearing-Type Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 J6. Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 J7. Bearing Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 J8. Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 J9. Anchor Rods and Embedments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 J10. Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 1. Flange Local Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 2. Web Local Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3. Web Local Crippling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4. Web Sidesway Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 5. Web Compression Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6. Web Panel-Zone Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page xii (Black plate) TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-xiii Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 7. Unframed Ends of Beams and Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8. Additional Stiffener Requirements for Concentrated Forces . . . . . . . . . 147 9. Additional Doubler Plate Requirements for Concentrated Forces . . . . 147 10. Transverse Forces on Plate Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 K. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HSS AND BOX-SECTION CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 K1. General Provisions and Parameters for HSS Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 1. Definitions of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2a. Effective Width for Connections to Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 K2. Concentrated Forces on HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 1. Definitions of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 3. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 K3. HSS-to-HSS Truss Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 1. Definitions of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 2. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 K4. HSS-to-HSS Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 1. Definitions of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 2. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 3. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 K5. Welds of Plates and Branches to Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 L. DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 L1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 L2. Deflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 L3. Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 L4. Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 L5. Wind-Induced Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 L6. Thermal Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 L7. Connection Slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 M. FABRICATION AND ERECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 M1. Shop and Erection Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 M2. Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 1. Cambering, Curving and Straightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 2. Thermal Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 3. Planing of Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 4. Welded Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 5. Bolted Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6. Compression Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7. Dimensional Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 8. Finish of Column Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 9. Holes for Anchor Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 10. Drain Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 11. Requirements for Galvanized Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page xiii (Black plate)

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ANSI/AISC 360-16 An American National Standard Specification for Structural Steel Buildings July 7, 2016 Supersedes the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings dated June 22, 2010 and all previous versions Approved by the Committee on Specifications AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 130 East Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois 60601 www.aisc.org Blue_Cover_A360-16.indd 1 5/5/2017 3:26:33 PM ANSI/AISC 360-16 An American National Standard Specification for Structural Steel Buildings July 7, 2016 Supersedes the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings dated June 22, 2010 and all previous versions Approved by the Committee on Specifications AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 130 East Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois 60601 www.aisc.org Covers_A360-16.indd 1 5/5/2017 3:33:23 PM Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION © AISC 2016 by American Institute of Steel Construction All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The AISC logo is a registered trademark of AISC. The information presented in this publication has been prepared by a balanced committee following American National Standards Institute (ANSI) consensus procedures and recog- nized principles of design and construction. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without compe- tent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability and applicability by a licensed engineer or architect. The publication of this information is not a representa- tion or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction, its officers, agents, employees or committee members, or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use, or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. All representations or warranties, express or implied, other than as stated above, are specifically disclaimed. Anyone making use of the information presented in this publication assumes all liability arising from such use. Caution must be exercised when relying upon standards and guidelines developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. The American Institute of Steel Construction bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition. Printed in the United States of America Revised June 2018 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims.qxp_15th Ed._2016 2018-05-10 12:18 PM Page ii 16.1-iii Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION PREFACE (This Preface is not part of ANSI/AISC 360-16, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, but is included for informational purposes only.) This Specification is based upon past successful usage, advances in the state of knowledge, and changes in design practice. The 2016 American Institute of Steel Construction’s Specification for Structural Steel Buildings provides an integrated treatment of allowable strength design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD), and replaces earlier Specifications. As indicated in Chapter B of the Specification, designs can be made accord- ing to either ASD or LRFD provisions. This ANSI-approved Specification has been developed as a consensus document using ANSI-accredited procedures to provide a uniform practice in the design of steel-framed buildings and other structures. The intention is to provide design criteria for routine use and not to provide specific criteria for infrequently encountered problems, which occur in the full range of structural design. This Specification is the result of the consensus deliberations of a committee of structural engineers with wide experience and high professional standing, representing a wide geo- graphical distribution throughout the United States. The committee includes approximately equal numbers of engineers in private practice and code agencies, engineers involved in research and teaching, and engineers employed by steel fabricating and producing compa- nies. The contributions and assistance of more than 50 additional professional volunteers working in task committees are also hereby acknowledged. The Symbols, Glossary, Abbreviations and Appendices to this Specification are an inte- gral part of the Specification. A nonmandatory Commentary has been prepared to provide background for the Specification provisions and the user is encouraged to consult it. Additionally, nonmandatory User Notes are interspersed throughout the Specification to provide concise and practical guidance in the application of the provisions. A number of significant technical modifications have also been made since the 2010 edition of the Specification, including the following: • Adopted an ASTM umbrella bolt specification, ASTM F3125, that includes Grades A325, A325M, A490, A490M, F1852 and F2280 • Adopted new ASTM HSS material specifications, ASTM A1085/A1085M and A1065/ A1065M, that permit use of a design thickness equal to the full nominal thickness of the member • Expanded the structural integrity provisions applicable to connection design • Added a shear lag factor for welded plates or connected elements with unequal length longitudinal welds • The available compressive strength for double angles and tees is determined by the general flexural-torsional buckling equation for members without slender elements • Added a constrained-axis torsional buckling limit state for members with lateral bracing offset from the shear center • Revised the available compressive strength formulation for members with slender com- pression elements • Reformulated the available flexural strength provisions for tees and double angles AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page iii (Black plate) 16.1-iv PREFACE Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION • Revised the shear strength of webs of certain I-shapes and channels without tension field action and when considering tension field action • Increased the limit on rebar strength to 80 ksi for composite columns • Incorporated provisions for applying the direct analysis method to composite members • Inserted general requirements to address minimum composite action in composite beams • Revised the provisions for bolts in combination with welds • Increased minimum pretension for 11/8-in.-diameter and larger bolts • Increased standard hole sizes and short-slot and long-slot widths for 1-in.-diameter and larger bolts • Reorganized the HSS connection design provisions in Chapter K, including reference to Chapter J for some limit states • Expanded provisions in Appendix 1 for direct modeling of member imperfections and inelasticity that may be used with the direct analysis method • Inserted a table of properties of high-strength bolts at elevated temperatures in Appendix 4 The reader is cautioned that professional judgment must be exercised when data or recom mendations in the Specification are applied, as described more fully in the disclaimer notice preceding this Preface. This Specification was approved by the Committee on Specifications, R. Shankar Nair, Chairman Mark V. Holland Patrick J. Fortney, Vice-Chairman John D. Hooper Allen Adams Nestor R. Iwankiw Taha D. Al-Shawaf William P. Jacobs, V William F. Baker Ronald J. Janowiak John M. Barsom, Emeritus Lawrence A. Kloiber Reidar Bjorhovde Lawrence F. Kruth Roger L. Brockenbrough, Emeritus Jay W. Larson Charles J. Carter Roberto T. Leon Gregory G. Deierlein James O. Malley Carol J. Drucker Duane K. Miller W. Samuel Easterling Larry S. Muir Duane S. Ellifritt, Emeritus Thomas M. Murray Bruce R. Ellingwood, Emeritus Douglas A. Rees-Evans Michael D. Engelhardt Rafael Sabelli Shu-Jin Fang, Emeritus Thomas A. Sabol Steven J. Fenves, Emeritus Benjamin W. Schafer James M. Fisher Robert E. Shaw, Jr. John W. Fisher, Emeritus Donald R. Sherman Theodore V. Galambos, Emeritus W. Lee Shoemaker Louis F. Geschwindner William A. Thornton Ramon E. Gilsanz Raymond H.R. Tide, Emeritus Lawrence G. Griffis Chia-Ming Uang John L. Gross, III Amit H. Varma Jerome F. Hajjar Donald W. White Patrick M. Hassett Ronald D. Ziemian Tony C. Hazel Cynthia J. Duncan, Secretary Richard A. Henige, Jr. AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-12-26 9:56 AM Page iv (Black plate) PREFACE 16.1-v Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION The Committee honors former members, David L. McKenzie, Richard C. Kaehler and Keith Landwehr, and advisory member, Fernando Frias, who passed away during this cycle. The Committee gratefully acknowledges advisory members, Carlos Aguirre, Edward E. Garvin and Alfred F. Wong, for their contributions, and the following task committee mem- bers for their involvement in the development of this document. Farid Alfawakhiri Bonnie E. Manley Susan B. Burmeister Peter W. Marshall Art Bustos Jason P. McCormick Helen Chen James A. Milke Marshall T. Ferrell Heath E. Mitchell Christopher M. Foley J.R. Ubejd Mujagic George Frater Jeffrey A. Packer Steven Freed Conrad Paulson Christine Freisinger Teoman Pekoz Mike Gase Thomas D. Poulos Rodney D. Gibble Christopher H. Raebel Arvind V. Goverdhan Gian Andrea Rassati Todd A. Helwig Clinton O. Rex Alfred A. Herget Thomas J. Schlafly Stephen M. Herlache James Schoen Steven J. Herth Richard Scruton Matthew A. Johann Thomas Sputo Ronald Johnson Andrea E. Surovek Daniel J. Kaufman James A. Swanson Venkatesh K.R. Kodur Matthew Trammell Michael E. Lederle Brian Uy Andres Lepage Sriramulu Vinnakota J. Walter Lewis Michael A. West LeRoy A. Lutz AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2017-01-04 1:49 PM Page v (Black plate) 16.1-vi Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xli ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liv SPECIFICATION A. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A1. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. Seismic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Nuclear Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A2. Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A3. Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. Structural Steel Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1a. ASTM Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1b. Unidentified Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1c. Rolled Heavy Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1d. Built-Up Heavy Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2. Steel Castings and Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. Bolts, Washers and Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. Anchor Rods and Threaded Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Consumables for Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Headed Stud Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 A4. Structural Design Drawings and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 B1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 B2. Loads and Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 B3. Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. Design for Strength Using Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) . 12 2. Design for Strength Using Allowable Strength Design (ASD) . . . . . . . . 12 3. Required Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4. Design of Connections and Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4a. Simple Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4b. Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. Design of Diaphragms and Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6. Design of Anchorages to Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7. Design for Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8. Design for Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 9. Design for Structural Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10. Design for Ponding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 11. Design for Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 12. Design for Fire Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 13. Design for Corrosion Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 B4. Member Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2017-01-04 1:49 PM Page vi (Black plate) TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-vii Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 1. Classification of Sections for Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1a. Unstiffened Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1b. Stiffened Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. Design Wall Thickness for HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3. Gross and Net Area Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3a. Gross Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3b. Net Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 B5. Fabrication and Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 B6. Quality Control and Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 B7. Evaluation of Existing Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 C. DESIGN FOR STABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 C1. General Stability Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1. Direct Analysis Method of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2. Alternative Methods of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 C2. Calculation of Required Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1. General Analysis Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2. Consideration of Initial System Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2a. Direct Modeling of Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2b. Use of Notional Loads to Represent Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3. Adjustments to Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 C3. Calculation of Available Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 D. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 D1. Slenderness Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 D2. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 D3. Effective Net Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 D4. Built-Up Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 D5. Pin-Connected Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2. Dimensional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 D6. Eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2. Dimensional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 E. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 E1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 E2. Effective Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 E3. Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 E4. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Single Angles and Members without Slender Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 E5. Single-Angle Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 E6. Built-Up Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1. Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2. Dimensional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 E7. Members with Slender Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1. Slender Element Members Excluding Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page vii (Black plate) 16.1-viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION F. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 F1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 F2. Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 F3. Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Compact Webs and Noncompact or Slender Flanges Bent about Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . 49 1. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2. Compression Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 F4. Other I-Shaped Members with Compact or Noncompact Webs Bent About Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 1. Compression Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3. Compression Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4. Tension Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 F5. Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-Shaped Members with Slender Webs Bent about Their Major Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 1. Compression Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3. Compression Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4. Tension Flange Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 F6. I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about Their Minor Axis . . . . . . . . . . 56 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2. Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 F7. Square and Rectangular HSS and Box Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2. Flange Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3. Web Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 F8. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2. Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 F9. Tees and Double Angles Loaded in the Plane of Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3. Flange Local Buckling of Tees and Double-Angle Legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4. Local Buckling of Tee Stems and Double-Angle Leg Webs in Flexural Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 F10. Single Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3. Leg Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 F11. Rectangular Bars and Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page viii (Black plate) TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-ix Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION F12. Unsymmetrical Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 1. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3. Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 F13. Proportions of Beams and Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 1. Strength Reductions for Members with Holes in the Tension Flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2. Proportioning Limits for I-Shaped Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3. Cover Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4. Built-Up Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5. Unbraced Length for Moment Redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 G. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 G1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 G2. I-Shaped Members and Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 1. Shear Strength of Webs without Tension Field Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2. Shear Strength of Interior Web Panels with a/h ≤ 3 Considering Tension Field Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3. Transverse Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 G3. Single Angles and Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 G4. Rectangular HSS, Box Sections, and other Singly and Doubly Symmetric Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 G5. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 G6. Weak-Axis Shear in Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 G7. Beams and Girders with Web Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 H. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 H1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3. Doubly Symmetric Rolled Compact Members Subject to Single-Axis Flexure and Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 H2. Unsymmetric and Other Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 H3. Members Subject to Torsion and Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear, and/or Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 1. Round and Rectangular HSS Subject to Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2. HSS Subject to Combined Torsion, Shear, Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3. Non-HSS Members Subject to Torsion and Combined Stress . . . . . . . . 84 H4. Rupture of Flanges with Holes Subjected to Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page ix (Black plate) 16.1-x TABLE OF CONTENTS Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION I. DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 I1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 1. Concrete and Steel Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 2. Nominal Strength of Composite Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2a. Plastic Stress Distribution Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2b. Strain Compatibility Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2c. Elastic Stress Distribution Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2d. Effective Stress-Strain Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3. Material Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4. Classification of Filled Composite Sections for Local Buckling . . . . . . 88 5. Stiffness for Calculation of Required Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 I2. Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 1. Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 1a. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 1b. Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 1c. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 1d. Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 1e. Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 2. Filled Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2a. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2b. Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2c. Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2d. Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 I3. Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1a. Effective Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1b. Strength During Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2. Composite Beams with Steel Headed Stud or Steel Channel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2a. Positive Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2b. Negative Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2c. Composite Beams with Formed Steel Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2. Deck Ribs Oriented Perpendicular to Steel Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 3. Deck Ribs Oriented Parallel to Steel Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2d. Load Transfer between Steel Beam and Concrete Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1. Load Transfer for Positive Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2. Load Transfer for Negative Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3. Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 4. Filled Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4a. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4b. Flexural Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 I4. Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 1. Filled and Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2. Composite Beams with Formed Steel Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 I5. Combined Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims.qxp_15th Ed._2016 2018-05-07 7:15 PM Page x TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-xi Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION I6. Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 1. General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2. Force Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2a. External Force Applied to Steel Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2b. External Force Applied to Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2c. External Force Applied Concurrently to Steel and Concrete . . . . . . . . 102 3. Force Transfer Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3a. Direct Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3b. Shear Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3c. Direct Bond Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4. Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4a. Encased Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4b. Filled Composite Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 I7. Composite Diaphragms and Collector Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 I8. Steel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2. Steel Anchors in Composite Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2a. Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2b. Strength of Steel Channel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2c. Required Number of Steel Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2d. Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3. Steel Anchors in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 3a. Shear Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3b. Tensile Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3c. Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors for Interaction of Shear and Tension in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3d. Shear Strength of Steel Channel Anchors in Composite Components . . 111 3e. Detailing Requirements in Composite Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 J. DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 J1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 1. Design Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 2. Simple Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 3. Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 4. Compression Members with Bearing Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5. Splices in Heavy Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 6. Weld Access Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7. Placement of Welds and Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 8. Bolts in Combination with Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 9. Welded Alterations to Structures with Existing Rivets or Bolts . . . . . . 116 10. High-Strength Bolts in Combination with Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 J2. Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 1. Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 1a. Effective Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page xi (Black plate) 16.1-xii TABLE OF CONTENTS Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 1b. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2. Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2a. Effective Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2b. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 3. Plug and Slot Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 3a. Effective Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 3b. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4. Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5. Combination of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6. Filler Metal Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7. Mixed Weld Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 J3. Bolts and Threaded Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 1. High-Strength Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 2. Size and Use of Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 3. Minimum Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 4. Minimum Edge Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5. Maximum Spacing and Edge Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6. Tensile and Shear Strength of Bolts and Threaded Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7. Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections . . . . . . . . 133 8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 9. Combined Tension and Shear in Slip-Critical Connections . . . . . . . . . 135 10. Bearing and Tearout Strength at Bolt Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 11. Special Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 12. Wall Strength at Tension Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 J4. Affected Elements of Members and Connecting Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 1. Strength of Elements in Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 2. Strength of Elements in Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 3. Block Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 4. Strength of Elements in Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5. Strength of Elements in Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 J5. Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 1. Fillers in Welded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 1a. Thin Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 1b. Thick Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 2. Fillers in Bolted Bearing-Type Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 J6. Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 J7. Bearing Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 J8. Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 J9. Anchor Rods and Embedments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 J10. Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 1. Flange Local Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 2. Web Local Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3. Web Local Crippling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4. Web Sidesway Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 5. Web Compression Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6. Web Panel-Zone Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page xii (Black plate) TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-xiii Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, July 7, 2016 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 7. Unframed Ends of Beams and Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8. Additional Stiffener Requirements for Concentrated Forces . . . . . . . . . 147 9. Additional Doubler Plate Requirements for Concentrated Forces . . . . 147 10. Transverse Forces on Plate Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 K. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HSS AND BOX-SECTION CONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 K1. General Provisions and Parameters for HSS Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 1. Definitions of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2a. Effective Width for Connections to Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 K2. Concentrated Forces on HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 1. Definitions of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 3. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 K3. HSS-to-HSS Truss Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 1. Definitions of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 2. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 K4. HSS-to-HSS Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 1. Definitions of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 2. Round HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 3. Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 K5. Welds of Plates and Branches to Rectangular HSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 L. DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 L1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 L2. Deflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 L3. Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 L4. Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 L5. Wind-Induced Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 L6. Thermal Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 L7. Connection Slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 M. FABRICATION AND ERECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 M1. Shop and Erection Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 M2. Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 1. Cambering, Curving and Straightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 2. Thermal Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 3. Planing of Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 4. Welded Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 5. Bolted Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6. Compression Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7. Dimensional Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 8. Finish of Column Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 9. Holes for Anchor Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 10. Drain Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 11. Requirements for Galvanized Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 AISC_PART 16_A_Prelims_15th Ed._2016 2016-11-15 11:22 AM Page xiii (Black plate)

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