Version 15.17R, X3J13/94-101R. Fri 12-Aug-1994 6:35pm EDT draft proposed American National Standard for Information Systems—Programming Language—Common Lisp X3J13/94-101R Version 15.17R, X3J13/94-101R. Fri 12-Aug-1994 6:35pm EDT Versions 15.17 (X3J13/94-101) and 15.17R (X3J13/94-101R) are absolutely identical except for changes to the document number and date on the cover and in each page’s header, addition of this disclaimer on the back of the cover page, additions to the Edit and Review History on page Credits iv, and changes to the names and headings in the credits section on pages Credits v-vii. There are NO technical changes between these versions; from a normative point of view, the documents X3J13/94-101 and X3J13/94-101R are entirely interchangeable. Version 15.17R, X3J13/94-101R. Fri 12-Aug-1994 6:35pm EDT Figures Chapter 1 (Introduction) 1–1. Notations for NIL 1–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2. Deprecated Functions 1–33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3. Functions with Deprecated :TEST-NOT Arguments 1–33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part one of twelve). 1–35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part two of twelve). 1–36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part three of twelve). 1–37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part four of twelve). 1–38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–8. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part five of twelve). 1–39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part six of twelve). 1–40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–10. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part seven of twelve). 1–41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–11. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part eight of twelve). 1–42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–12. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part nine of twelve). 1–43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–13. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part ten of twelve). 1–44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–14. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part eleven of twelve). 1–45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–15. Symbols in the COMMON-LISP package (part twelve of twelve). 1–46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2 (Syntax) 2–1. Readtable defined names 2–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2. Variables that influence the Lisp reader. 2–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3. Standard Character Subrepertoire (Part 1 of 3: Latin Characters) 2–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4. Standard Character Subrepertoire (Part 2 of 3: Numeric Characters) 2–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5. Standard Character Subrepertoire (Part 3 of 3: Special Characters) 2–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6. Possible Character Syntax Types 2–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7. Character Syntax Types in Standard Syntax 2–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8. Constituent Traits of Standard Characters and Semi-Standard Characters 2–7 . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9. Syntax for Numeric Tokens 2–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–10. Examples of reserved tokens 2–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–11. Examples of symbols 2–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–12. Examples of symbols or potential numbers 2–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–13. Examples of Ratios 2–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–14. Examples of Floating-point numbers 2–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–15. Examples of the printed representation of symbols (Part 1 of 2) 2–19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–16. Examples of the printed representation of symbols (Part 2 of 2) 2–20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–17. Valid patterns for tokens 2–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–18. Examples of the use of double-quote 2–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figures i Version 15.17R, X3J13/94-101R. Fri 12-Aug-1994 6:35pm EDT 2–19. Standard # Dispatching Macro Character Syntax 2–30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–20. Radix Indicator Example 2–34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–21. Complex Number Example 2–35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 3 (Evaluation and Compilation) 3–1. Some Defined Names Applicable to Variables 3–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2. Common Lisp Special Operators 3–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3. Defined names applicable to macros 3–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4. Some function-related defined names 3–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5. Some operators applicable to receiving multiple values 3–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6. Defined names applicable to compiler macros 3–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–7. EVAL-WHEN processing 3–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–8. Defining Macros That Affect the Compile-Time Environment 3–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9. Common Lisp Declaration Identifiers 3–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–10. What Kind of Lambda Lists to Use 3–33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–11. Defined names applicable to lambda lists 3–33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–12. Standardized Operators that use Ordinary Lambda Lists 3–34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–13. Lambda List Keywords used by Ordinary Lambda Lists 3–34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–14. Lambda List Keywords used by Generic Function Lambda Lists 3–39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–15. Standardized Operators that use Specialized Lambda Lists 3–40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16. Lambda List Keywords used by Specialized Lambda Lists 3–40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–17. Operators that use Macro Lambda Lists 3–41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–18. Lambda List Keywords used by Macro Lambda Lists 3–41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–19. Lambda List Keywords used by Defsetf Lambda Lists 3–47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–20. Lambda List Keywords used by Define-modify-macro Lambda Lists 3–48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–21. Lambda List Keywords used by Define-method-combination arguments Lambda Lists 3–48 3–22. Global Declaration Specifiers 3–81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–23. Standardized Forms In Which Declarations Can Occur 3–83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–24. Local Declaration Specifiers 3–83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–25. Optimize qualities 3–96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 4 (Types and Classes) 4–1. Cross-References to Data Type Information 4–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2. Standardized Atomic Type Specifiers 4–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3. Standardized Compound Type Specifier Names 4–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4. Standardized Compound-Only Type Specifier Names 4–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5. Defined names relating to types and declarations. 4–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6. Standardized Type Specifier Names 4–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7. Object System Classes 4–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8. Classes that correspond to pre-defined type specifiers 4–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9. Result possibilities for subtypep 4–35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 5 (Data and Control Flow) ii Programming Language—Common Lisp Version 15.17R, X3J13/94-101R. Fri 12-Aug-1994 6:35pm EDT 5–1. Examples of setf 5–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2. Operators relating to places and generalized reference. 5–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3. Sample Setf Expansion of a Variable 5–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4. Sample Setf Expansion of a CAR Form 5–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–5. Sample Setf Expansion of a SUBSEQ Form 5–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6. Sample Setf Expansion of a LDB Form 5–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7. Functions that setf can be used with—1 5–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8. Functions that setf can be used with—2 5–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9. Read-Modify-Write Macros 5–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–10. Macros that have implicit tagbodies. 5–49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11. Operators that always prefer EQ over EQL 5–58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–12. Summary and priorities of behavior of equal 5–61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–13. Summary and priorities of behavior of equalp 5–63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 6 (Iteration) Chapter 7 (Objects) 7–1. Standardized Method-Defining Operators 7–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2. Built-in Method Combination Types 7–25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 8 (Structures) Chapter 9 (Conditions) 9–1. Standardized Condition Types 9–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–2. Operators that define and create conditions. 9–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–3. Operators that read condition slots. 9–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–4. Operators relating to handling conditions. 9–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–5. Defined names relating to signaling conditions. 9–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–6. Defined names relating to restarts. 9–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9–7. Operators relating to assertions. 9–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 10 (Symbols) 10–1. Property list defined names 10–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10–2. Symbol creation and inquiry defined names 10–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 11 (Packages) 11–1. Some Defined Names related to Packages 11–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11–2. Standardized Package Names 11–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 12 (Numbers) 12–1. Operators relating to Arithmetic. 12–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figures iii Version 15.17R, X3J13/94-101R. Fri 12-Aug-1994 6:35pm EDT 12–2. Defined names relating to Exponentials, Logarithms, and Trigonometry. 12–1 . . . . . . . . . . 12–3. Operators for numeric comparison and predication. 12–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–4. Defined names relating to numeric type manipulation and coercion. 12–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–5. Defined names relating to logical operations on numbers. 12–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–6. Defined names relating to byte manipulation. 12–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–7. Defined names relating to implementation-dependent details about numbers. 12–4 . . . . . . . 12–8. Functions Affected by Rule of Float Substitutability 12–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–9. Trigonometric Identities for Complex Domain 12–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–10. Quadrant Numbering for Branch Cuts 12–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–11. Random-state defined names 12–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–12. Recommended Minimum Floating-Point Precision and Exponent Size 12–14 . . . . . . . . . . 12–13. Uses of /=, =, <, >, <=, and >= 12–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–14. Mathematical definition of arc sine, arc cosine, and arc tangent 12–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–15. Quadrant information for arc tangent 12–31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–16. Mathematical definitions for hyperbolic functions 12–33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–17. Bit-Wise Logical Operations 12–68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12–18. Bit-wise Logical Operations on Integers 12–72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 13 (Characters) 13–1. Character defined names – 1 13–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13–2. Character defined names – 2 13–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 14 (Conses) 14–1. Some defined names relating to conses. 14–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–2. Some defined names relating to trees. 14–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–3. Some defined names relating to lists. 14–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–4. Some defined names related to assocation lists. 14–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–5. Some defined names related to sets. 14–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14–6. CAR and CDR variants 14–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 15 (Arrays) 15–1. General Purpose Array-Related Defined Names 15–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–2. Operators that Manipulate Strings 15–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–3. Operators that Manipulate Bit Arrays 15–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15–4. Bit-wise Logical Operations on Bit Arrays 15–38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 16 (Strings) Chapter 17 (Sequences) 17–1. Standardized Sequence Functions 17–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–2. Operators that have Two-Argument Tests to be Satisfied 17–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17–3. Operators that have One-Argument Tests to be Satisfied 17–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Programming Language—Common Lisp Version 15.17R, X3J13/94-101R. Fri 12-Aug-1994 6:35pm EDT Chapter 18 (Hash Tables) 18–1. Hash-table defined names 18–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 19 (Filenames) 19–1. Pathname Operations 19–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–2. Pathname functions using a :CASE argument 19–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19–3. Special Markers In Directory Component 19–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 20 (Files) 20–1. File and Directory Operations 20–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20–2. File Functions that Treat Open and Closed Streams Differently 20–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20–3. File Functions where Closed Streams Might Work Best 20–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 21 (Streams) 21–1. Some General-Purpose Stream Operations 21–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–2. Operators relating to Input Streams. 21–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–3. Operators relating to Output Streams. 21–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–4. Operators relating to Bidirectional Streams. 21–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–5. Defined Names related to Specialized Streams 21–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–6. Standardized Stream Variables 21–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–7. Operators that accept either Open or Closed Streams 21–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21–8. Operators that accept Open Streams only 21–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 22 (Printer) 22–1. Standardized Printer Control Variables 22–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22–2. Additional Influences on the Lisp printer. 22–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22–3. Example of Logical Blocks, Conditional Newlines, and Sections 22–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22–4. Defined names related to pretty printing. 22–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22–5. Format directives related to Pretty Printing 22–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22–6. Examples of format control strings 22–23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22–7. Argument correspondences for the WRITE function. 22–63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 23 (Reader) 23–1. Values of standard control variables 23–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 24 (System Construction) 24–1. Features examples 24–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 25 (Environment) 25–1. Variables maintained by the Read-Eval-Print Loop 25–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25–2. Defined names relating to debugging 25–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figures v Version 15.17R, X3J13/94-101R. Fri 12-Aug-1994 6:35pm EDT 25–3. Defined names relating to environment inquiry. 25–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25–4. Defined names involving Time. 25–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25–5. Defined names involving time in Decoded Time. 25–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25–6. Defined names involving time in Universal Time. 25–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25–7. Defined names involving time in Internal Time. 25–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25–8. Defined names involving time in Seconds. 25–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 26 (Glossary) 26–1. Exponent Markers 26–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26–2. Standardized I/O Customization Variables 26–30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26–3. Standardized Iteration Forms 26–33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26–4. Standardized Restart Functions 26–48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter A (Appendix) vi Programming Language—Common Lisp Version 15.17R, X3J13/94-101R. Fri 12-Aug-1994 6:35pm EDT Contents Chapter 1 (Introduction) 1.1 Scope, Purpose, and History 1–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Scope and Purpose 1–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 History 1–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Organization of the Document 1–4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Referenced Publications 1–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Definitions 1–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1 Notational Conventions 1–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.1 Font Key 1–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.2 Modified BNF Syntax 1–7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.2.1 Splicing in Modified BNF Syntax 1–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.2.2 Indirection in Modified BNF Syntax 1–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.2.3 Additional Uses for Indirect Definitions in Modified BNF Syntax 1–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.3 Special Symbols 1–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.4 Objects with Multiple Notations 1–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.4.1 Case in Symbols 1–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.4.2 Numbers 1–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.4.3 Use of the Dot Character 1–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.4.4 NIL 1–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.5 Designators 1–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.1.6 Nonsense Words 1–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 Error Terminology 1–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.3 Sections Not Formally Part Of This Standard 1–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4 Interpreting Dictionary Entries 1–19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.1 The “Affected By” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.2 The “Arguments” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.3 The “Arguments and Values” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.4 The “Binding Types Affected” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.5 The “Class Precedence List” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.6 Dictionary Entries for Type Specifiers 1–20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.6.1 The “Compound Type Specifier Kind” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.6.2 The “Compound Type Specifier Syntax” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.6.3 The “Compound Type Specifier Arguments” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.6.4 The “Compound Type Specifier Description” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.7 The “Constant Value” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.8 The “Description” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.9 The “Examples” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contents i Version 15.17R, X3J13/94-101R. Fri 12-Aug-1994 6:35pm EDT 1.4.4.10 The “Exceptional Situations” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.11 The “Initial Value” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.12 The “Argument Precedence Order” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.13 The “Method Signature” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.14 The “Name” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.15 The “Notes” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.16 The “Pronunciation” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.17 The “See Also” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.18 The “Side Effects” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.19 The “Supertypes” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.20 The “Syntax” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.20.1 Special “Syntax” Notations for Overloaded Operators 1–25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.20.2 Naming Conventions for Rest Parameters 1–25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.20.3 Requiring Non-Null Rest Parameters in the “Syntax” Section 1–25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.20.4 Return values in the “Syntax” Section 1–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.20.4.1 No Arguments or Values in the “Syntax” Section 1–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.20.4.2 Unconditional Transfer of Control in the “Syntax” Section 1–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.21 The “Valid Context” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4.22 The “Value Type” Section of a Dictionary Entry 1–26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Conformance 1–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1 Conforming Implementations 1–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1.1 Required Language Features 1–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1.2 Documentation of Implementation-Dependent Features 1–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1.3 Documentation of Extensions 1–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1.4 Treatment of Exceptional Situations 1–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1.4.1 Resolution of Apparent Conflicts in Exceptional Situations 1–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1.4.1.1 Examples of Resolution of Apparent Conflicts in Exceptional Situations 1–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1.5 Conformance Statement 1–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2 Conforming Programs 1–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2.1 Use of Implementation-Defined Language Features 1–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2.1.1 Use of Read-Time Conditionals 1–30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2.2 Character Set for Portable Code 1–30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Language Extensions 1–31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Language Subsets 1–32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 Deprecated Language Features 1–33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.1 Deprecated Functions 1–33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.2 Deprecated Argument Conventions 1–33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.3 Deprecated Variables 1–33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8.4 Deprecated Reader Syntax 1–34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 Symbols in the COMMON-LISP Package 1–35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2 (Syntax) 2.1 Character Syntax 2–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Readtables 2–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1.1 The Current Readtable 2–1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Programming Language—Common Lisp