148 SHORT NOTES Forktail 28 (2012) Acknowledgements Kilner, R. M. (2006) The evolution of egg colour and patterning in birds. We thank Nicole A. Schneider, Dr. Igor Fefelov and Prof. Wei Liang for valuable Biol Rev. 22:383-406. comments on a previous version of the manuscript. YL is grateful to the Sayler, R. D. (1992) Ecology and evolution of brood parasitism in waterfowl. financial support for the field trip to Lake Baikal from the Swiss Veterinary Pp.290-322 in B. D. J. Batt, A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney, D. Office (BVET). R. M. Kilner and B. Hughes kindly reviewed the manuscript. H. Johnson & J. A. Kadlec, eds. Ecology and management of breeding Nigel Collar generously edited the manuscript into its final version. waterfowl. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Yom-Tov, Y. (1980) Intraspecific nest parasitism in birds. Biol. Rev. 55: 93- References 108. Baicich, P.J.& Harrison, C. J.O. (1997) A guide to the nests, eggs, and nestlings Yom-Tov, Y. (2001) An updated list and some comments on the occurrence of North American birds. San Diego: Academic Press. of intraspecific nest parasitism in birds. Ibis 143: 133-143. Beauchamp, G. (1998) The relationship between intra-and interspecific brood amalgamation in waterfowl. Condor 100:153-162. Yang LIU, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Cramp, S. & Simmons, K. E. L„ eds. (1977) The birds of the Western Paiearctic, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland. Present address: 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Davies, N. B. (2000) Cuckoos, cowbirds and other cheats. London: T. & A. D. Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. Email: Poyser. [email protected] Geffen, E. & Yom-Tov, Y. (2001) Factors affecting the rates of intraspecific nest parasitism among Anseriformes and Galliformes. Anim. Behav. 62: Sergey PYZHJANOV, Irkutsk State Pedagogical University, Nizhnjaja 1027-1038. Naberezhnaja str. 6, RU-664011 Irkutsk-II, Irkutsk, Russia. Email: Kear, J. (2005) Ducks, geese and swans. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [email protected] Annual survival rate and mean life-span of Lemon-bellied White-eyes Zosterops chloris flavissimus on Kaledupa island, Wakatobi, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia DAVID J. KELLY & NICOLA M. MARPLES White-eyes (Zosteropidae) are known to be the most rapidly Balen 2008). It therefore seems likely that the breeding season for speciating family of birds on the planet (Moyle etal. 2009). One of the Wakatobi island white-eyes is similar. If this is the case, then the reasons that white-eyes manage to adapt and exploit new the retrapped birds, when they were trapped in 2007, must have habitats so well is because of their relatively short generation time been at least one calendar year old. So, when the birds were (and greater Darwinian fitness); some Zosterops species may breed retrapped in 2010, they must have been at least four years old. We within six months of hatching (Moyle et at. 2009). However, while used these ages to calculate a minimum adult survival rate for the the breeding age of white-eyes appears to be relatively well known, Kaledupa birds. there is less information on the longevity of these species. One We trapped a total of 48 Lemon-bellied White-eyes in 2007 and might anticipate that such small species are destined to have rather retrapped four of those birds in 2010. This gives a minimum short life-spans (Hulbert etal. 2007). percentage of 8.3% of birds surviving into their fourth calendar year Ourteam makes regulartripstosouth-eastSulawesi, Indonesia, on Kaledupa. In order to allow 8.3% of the adult population to as part of a long-running island biogeography project on local bird survive intotheirfourth calendaryear, the minimum annual survival species, in cooperation with Operation Wallacea Limited. As part rate of the local population must be 43.6%. This value is in excess of this work, we mist-net and colour-ring birds in the area. Recently of the annual survival rates recorded for African Yellow White-eye (August 2010), we retraced the footsteps of a previous expedition Z. senegalensis (34%) near Jos, Nigeria (McGregor et a!. 2007) and (August 2007) with great precision. This allowed us the opportunity SilvereyesZ. lateralis (24-26%) in central Victoria, Australia (Burton to assess site-fidelity and longevity of a number of regularly trapped 1996). Longevity may be derived from annual survival rate, where small passerine species, notably: Lemon-bellied White-eye mean life-span = -1/ln(annual survival rate) (Seber 1982). Applying Zosterops chloris, Olive-backed Sunbird Cinnyris jugularis, Grey¬ this formula, we get a mean life-span for the Lemon-bellied White- sided Flowerpecker Dicaeum celebicum and Island Monarch eyes of Kaledupa of 2.2 years (1.2 years from survival rate + 1 year Monarcha cinerascens. We visited three sites (Bakau, Air Nounou, at initial capture). As the survival rate value is a minimum, the Latafe) on the island of Kaledupa, Wakatobi, south-east Sulawesi calculated life-span is a minimum value too. However, this in both 2007 (using yellow colour rings) and 2010 (using mauve minimum value for the Kaledupa birds is greater than the mean colour rings) and mist-netted with similar equipment in similar life-spans of the African Yellow White-eyes near Jos (1.92 years = habitats. As many of the local shrubs grow at remarkable speeds, it 0.92 years from survival rate + 1 year at initial capture) and the was not always possible to identify previous net-ride locations. Silvereyes in central Victoria (9.8-10.2 months) (Burton 1996). However, local guides and GPS co-ordinates confirmed the It is likely that the value cited by Burton (1996) includes birds accuracy of our site selection. During our 2010 visit we trapped born during the year of capture. Annual survival rates of adults are four birds bearing the yellow rings we had used during our 2007 usually higher than those of fledglings (Freed & Cann 2009). The visit. All -of these birds were Lemon-bellied White-eyes. Capricorn White-eye of Heron Island Z. lateralis chlorocephalus has We are confident that the Lemon-bellied White-eyes trapped an annual adult mortality of 38.5% (Brook & Kikkawa 1998). This is in 2007 were adult birds. We have occasionally trapped white-eyes equivalent to an annual adult survival of 61.5% (a value in excess in juvenile plumage on the Wakatobi islands (5/548 white-eyes of the Kaledupa birds) and translates to an average life span of 3.1 trapped), but have rarely trapped beyond early September. The years (2.1 years from survival rate + 1 year at initial capture). breeding season for Lemon-bellied White-eyes on the nearby The Lemon-bellied White-eyes, when retrapped in 2010, islands of Muna and Buton is between September and October (van appeared to be in breeding pairs (one male and one female Forktail 28 (2012) SHORT NOTES 149 bird caught in the same net at the same time). We caught two Acknowledgements 'breeding' pairs, one at each of two different sites (Bakau and We are very grateful to Operation Wallacea Limited and their staff for Latafe). If we consider the retrapping rates at the two sites providing logistical support throughout our island biogeographic studies independently (Bakau-12.5%, Latafe-20%), this gives us annual and travels, as well as the people of the Wakatobi islands for hosting our survival rates of 50% and 58.5% respectively and mean life¬ visits. We would like to thank the project students and general volunteers span estimates of 2.4 years (1.4 years from survival rate + 1 year at who assisted us during our many netting sessions across the Wakatobi initial capture) and 2.9 years (1.9 years from survival rate + 1 year islands. We are also grateful to two anonymous referees for their comments at initial capture) respectively. These values approach those of on a draft of this paper. the Heron Island Silvereyes (3.1 years).The Heron Island white-eyes are known to show density dependence in their breeding References success (McCallum et al. 2000), but it is unclear whether the local van Balen, B. (2008) Family Zosteropidae (white-eyes). Pp.402-485 in J. del population density has any effects on annual survival (Kikkawa Hoyo, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie, eds. Handbook of the birds of the world, 1980). 13. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. We did not attract birds to the nets with recorded calls or songs Brook, B. W. & Kikkawa, J. (1998) Examining threats faced by island birds: a on our trips to Kaledupa, so it is unlikely that we caught all of the population viability analysis on the Capricorn silvereye using long-term local population on either of those visits. It is unclear whether data. J. Appl. Ecol. 35: 491-503. catching a larger sample would have increased or decreased our Burton, T. C. (1996) Changes in the abundance of silvereyes in a central longevity estimate. The presence of 'breeding' pairs at two of the Victorian vineyard during the grape-ripening period. Corella 20: 61-66. netting sites suggests a high degree of site fidelity, at least by some Freed, L. A.&Cann, R. L. (2009) Negative effects of an introduced bird species individuals. Other data demonstrate that there is little or no on growth and survival in a native bird community. Current Biol. 19:1736- movement of the Wakatobi Lemon-bellied White-eyes between 1740. islands (Kelly et at. unpubl. data), supporting the idea that the Hulbert, A. J., Pamplona, R., Buffenstein, R. & Buttemer, W. A. (2007) Life and Lemon-bellied White-eyes of the Wakatobi are generally sedentary death: metabolic rate, membrane composition, and life span of animals. in nature. Physiology Reviews 87:1175-1213. While we mist-netted on other islands across the Wakatobi Kikkawa, J. (1980) Winter survival in relation to dominance classes among archipelago during our 2010 field season (Wangi-Wangi, Hoga, silvereyes Zosterops lateralis chlorocephala of Heron Island, Great Barrier Tomia and Binongko), those other islands had only been visited Reef. Ibis 122:437-446. previously in 2005, not 2007. Furthermore, we did not make the McCallum, H., Kikkawa, J. & Catterall, C. (2000) Density dependence in an same effort on those other islands to revisit our former netting sites. island population of silvereyes. Ecology Letters 3: 95-100. The only birds we retrapped in 2010, from previous expeditions, McGregor, R„ Whittingham, M. J. & Cresswell, W. (2007) Survival rates of were those on Kaledupa. Therefore, it is unclear if the Lemon-bellied tropical birds in Nigeria, West Africa. Ibis 149:615-618. White-eyes of Kaledupa are especially long-lived in comparison to Moyle, R. G., Filardi, C. E., Smith, C. E. & Diamond, J. (2009) Explosive the populations of the species on the other Wakatobi islands. Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a 'great Irrespective of this, it does appear that the Lemon-bellied White- speciator'. Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. 106:1863-1868. eyes of Kaledupa are longer-lived than mainland populations of Seber, G. A. F. (1982) The estimation of animal abundance and related African Yellow White-eye and Silvereye. parameters. London: Griffin. While the current dataset is rather small, there appears to be a tendency for populations of Zosterops species to live longer on David J. KELLY and Nicola M. MARPLES, Trinity College Dublin, oceanic islands than on the mainland. We will endeavour to collect Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland; more data on the longevity of the Wakatobi bird populations to and Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, allow further investigation of these findings. College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. Email: [email protected];[email protected] Migrating dragonflies: famine relief for resident Peregrine Falcons Falco peregrinus on islands CHANG-YONG CHOI & HYUN-YOUNG NAM The diet of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus has been well two adult Peregrines hunting migratory dragonflies, and discusses documented around the world. Peregrines are powerful predators the implications of dragonflies being a food source for falcons on which feed mainly on birds, and more than 1,000 avian species remote islands. ranging from 10 to 3,000 g in weight have so far been recorded as Hongdo, the study area, is a small island in the Republic of Korea prey (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001). However, there are also many located c.120 km south-west of the Korean Peninsula and 430 km reports of occasional consumption of insects (e.g. Pruett-Jones et from mainland China at 34°41 N 125°12'E, and is a key stopover al. 1980, Ritchie 1982, White & Brimm 1990, Oro& Telia 1995, White site for migratory birds that cross the Yellow Sea. More than 327 etal. 2002) as well as reptiles (Oro & Telia 1995) and mammals (e.g. bird species (about 63% of the total recorded in Korea) have been bats and rodents: Byre 1990, Bradley & Oliphant 1991). Although recorded on this island, but only ten, including a pair of Peregrines, insects are an uncommon food for Peregrines, such prey are diverse are resident (NPRI 2009). from small ones like the Plecoptera (stoneflies: Sumner & Davis The first observation of an adult Peregrine foraging on 2008) to large ones, which include some Hemiptera (cicadas: Pruett- dragonflies in flight was on 27 August 2009; it took three dragonflies Jones et al. 1980, Ellis etal. 2007), Orthoptera (grasshoppers and during 8 minutes of observation. Over the next few days, the crickets: Pruett-Jones etal. 1980, White & Brimm 1990, White etal. foraging activities of two adults hunting dragonflies were 2002) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies: White etal. 2002). occasionally but repeatedly observed, including at least 20 more Insects may be more important in Peregrine diets than is commonly dragonfly captures (Figure 1). Most such foraging attempts were believed (Snyder & Wiley 1976, Ellis etal. 2007). This article reports made in foggy conditions with still air, apparently irrespective of