SUBJECT INDEX A Tilletia, 141 B see also Pseudomonas syrin- Abscisic acid gae toxin genetics Bacillus nematode damage, 183 Anticoma, 18 antibiotics, 249 Acinetobacter lwoffii Antiresistance measures Backcrossing greening component, 119 see Fungicide resistance M. grisea, 446, 459 Acyltransferase, 251 Aphelenchus avenae, 158 see also Genetic diversity for Aflatoxin Aphidencyrtus cassatus resistance in forest trees see Aspergillus greening biocontrol, 123 Bacterial antagonists ARFC wheat model, 369-72 Apical dominance see Nematode natural enemies African cassava mosaic virus fungal foraging systems, 310 Bacterial phytotoxins host resistance, 41 Apple disease expert systems see Pseudomonas syringae African maize streak virus Apple Pest and Disease Di- toxin genetics host resistance, 41 agnosis, 356 Bacterial spot of citrus Aggressiveness Apple scab, 343, 347, 355 see Citrus canker in Florida citrus canker, 409-12, 416 POMME, 353, 355 Bacterial wilt caused by Pseudo- definition, 174 see also Penn State Apple monas solanacearum, 65- see also Virulence Orchard Consultant 87 Agricultural experiment stations, Arabinose, 292 conclusion, 80-81 3, 9-10 Arbutin, 269-70 control strategies, 76-80 Agricultural extension, 6-7 Arginine avoidance, 79 Agrobacterium tumefaciens phaseolotoxin induced chlor- biocontrol, 79-80 host specificity, 271 osis, 255 cropping systems, 78 virulence, 268-70 Armillaria host-plant resistance, 77-78 Aldicarb, 170, 482 biocontrol, 310 integrated control, 79 Alleles genetic territories, 309 soil amendment, 78 forest tree breeding Artificial Intelligence dispersal and inoculum, 69- loss, 333, 335-36 see Expert systems in plant 72 virulence, 331 pathology epiphytic survival, 71 Alternaria, 403 Aschochyta lentis planting material move- American Phytopathological distribution, 44 ment, 69-71 Society, 11-12, 32, 425 Asiatic citrus canker weed hosts and sheltered American Type Culture Collec- see Citrus canker in Florida sites, 71-72 tion, 416 L-aspartate, 254 environmental interactions, Amidinotransferase, 264 Aspergillus 72-16 Amino acid concentrations flavus nematode populations, 76 citrus greening, 111-12 peanut, 280 soil moisture, 74-75 L-Amino acids peanut resistance, 283, soil type, 75-76 coronafacic acid, 252 292 temperature and light, 72- p-form, 251 nidulans 74 1-Aminocyclopropane-1- DNA, 447, 449 host range, 68-69 carboxylic acid, 253 trpC gene, 449 introduction, 65—66 2-Amino pyrimidines, 432-33 parasiticus properties, relationships, dis- Ammonia soil amendment, 481 peanut, 280, 292 tribution, 66-68 Amylase activity, 112 ATPase, 252 phylogeny, 66-67 Animal and Plant Health Inspec- Australia secondary metabolites, 67 tion Service, 220, 236-37, N. A. Cobb, 17-18 subspecific classification, 242 Auxin 67-68 Annual Review of Phytopatholo- effect coronatine, 253 Bacterial wilt of cassava, 69 gy Auxotrophy, 256 Bacterial wilt of Townsville Sty- quarantine coverage, 234 Avirulence, 80, 142 lo, 70 Anthrobotrys genes Bacteriosis nematode biocontrol, 151 hypersensitive reaction, 202 see Citrus canker in Florida Antibiotics M. grisea, 446, 459-60, Baker, Kenneth F., 31 citrus greening, 117-18, 121- 463 Barley smut 22 nematode, 175-78, 186 genetics, 138-139 492 SUBJECT INDEX Barley stripe mosaic virus, 213 see also Wild germplasm and ethylene, 291 Barley yellow dwarf virus, 41 plant diseases Cercosporidium personatum Basidiomyctes Bremia lactucae peanut resistance, 284-86, see Delignification by wood- pheylamide resistance, 432 287, 295-96 decay fungi; Mycelial in Brown rots Cereal crop growth models, dividualism wood decay, 381 361-89 Bean common mosaic virus Bruehl, G.W. ARFC WHEAT, 369-71 bc-3 gene, 41 see Plant pathology, changing description, 369-70 Bean wildfire, 263 profession links, 370-71 Benomy] resistance Bunts CERES, 371-72 M. grisea, 448 see Small-grain smut genetics description, 371-72 smut, 144 Burning links, 372 Benzimidazole resistance, 425— citrus canker control, 400 environment and pests, 375- 27, 429, 434 76 Biodegradation Cc introduction, 361-62 see Delignification by wood- models, 362-69 decay fungi C language, 348, 357-58 concepts, 362-64 Biological control Caconema radicicola, 23 individual crop models, 369 Armillaria, 310 Caenorhabditis, 100 linkage, 368-69 bacterial wilt, 79-80 Calcium parameters, 368 citrus greening, 123 messenger systems, 319 winter wheat, 364-68 models, 377 Pseudomonas Solanacearum, ModWHT, 373-74 see also Nematode man- 75 description, 373-75 agement; Nematode nat- Caldwell, Ralph, 4 links, 374-75 ural enemies CALEX/Peaches expert system, research and programming, Biological line 356-S7 376-78 pest risk and exclusion, 226- California Department of Agri- WINTER WHEAT, 372-73 27 culture, 242 description, 372-73 Biotechnology Caloglyphus, i57 links, 373 delignification 392-93 Cankers A,B,C,D,E Cereals Biotype see Citrus canker in Florida see Small-grain smut genetics definition, 174 Canopy growth models, 375 CERES models, 371-73, 376 Blast Carbendazim Chaos theory see Magnaporthe grisea with diethofencarb, 427, 429 fungal life histories, 319 molecular genetics Carbofuran, 482 Cheiloneurus cyanonotus Blitecast forecaster Carbon greening biocontrol, 123 potato late blight, 343 toxin biosynthesis, 268 Chemotherapy, 32 Blister rust, 327 Carboxin citrus greening, 121-22 Blood disease. 66-67 smut resistance, 144-45 Chitin Blotchy-mottle Carboxylic acid, 252 nematode control, 481 see Citrus greening Caloglyphus sp., 157 Chloramphenicol acetyltrans- Botrytis Carrot ferase ORF, 209 benzimidazole resistance, nematode management, 471 Chlorimuron ethyl 425-27, 429 Cassava M. grisea, 448 cinerea bacterial wilt, 69, 72 Chloropicrin, 79 fungicide resistance, 426, Catenaria Chloroplast 428 nematode biocontrol, 151, tobacco mosaic virus, 196 dicarboximide resistance, 161 chlorotic symptoms 194— 427-29 Cauliflower mosaic virus, 213 202 Boyce Thomson Institute, 7 Cell wall degradation coat proteins, 196,198, Breeding for resistance see Delignification by wood- 200-1 bacterial wilt, 76 decay fungi electron micrographs, 199- citrus greening, 122 Cellulase, 179 200 forest trees see also Delignification by Chlorotic symptoms see Genetic diversity for re- wood-decay fungi see Virus-host interactions, sistance in forest trees Centro Internacional de Agricul- tobamoviruses nematodes, 76 tura Tropical, 45, 53 Chlorsulfuron, 377 see also Nematodes, plant Centro Internacional de Mejora- Citrus canker in Florida, 399- resistance and toler- miento de Maiz y Triago, 420 ance 50 bacterial spot and canker dis- peanut Cercospora arachidicola eases, 406-17 see Resistance breeding in peanut resistance, 284-88, DNA analysis, 412-14 peanut 295-96 epidemiology, 408-10 SUBJECT INDEX 493 etiology, 406-7 Collaboration in research Cuscuta isozyme analysis, 410 viral infections, 213 citrus greening vector, 117 perspectives, 415-17 Colletotrichum, 477 Cotton research population dynamics, 407-8 gloesporioides, 46 N. A. Cobb, 20-21 serological studies, 410-12 augments citrus greening, COUNSELLOR expert system, xanthomonad classification, 112 355-56 414-15 infection responses, 45— Criconemella xenoplax introduction, 400-6 46 fungal antagonists, 160 bacterial spot, 403-4 resistance, 40, 53 Crinipellis perniciosa, 316 diseases, 401-3 lindemuthianum, 178 Cronartium eradication history, 401 Commestrol, 181 forest tree resistance, 330 regulation research, 405-6 Competition tissue hypersensitivity, research in USA, 404-5 see Mycelial individualism 328 Citrus greening disease, 109-36 Computers Crop loss assessment causal agent, 117-19 C language, 348, 357-58 see Nematode management concluding remarks, 124-25 expert systems Crop-weed complexes control, 120-24 see Expert systems in plant wild germplasm, 41 detection, 119-20 pathology Crops economic importance, 110- FORTRAN, 356 growth models 11 information retrieval systems see Cereal crop growth greening pathogen control, quarantine, 239 models 120-22 interfaces, 346-47, 356 host resistance breeding for resistance, 122 LISP, 347-48 see Host resistance chemotherapy Macintosh, 354, 356, protection thermotherapy, 120-21 358 see Fungicide resistance history and distribution, 109- models rotation 10 see Cereal crop growth models, 377 introduction, 109 models nematode control, 477— symptomology, 111-12 MS-DOS, 354-58 80 transmission, 114-17 nematode crop loss assess- uniformity, 35 types and strains, 112-13 ment, 475 wild relatives varietal susceptibility and host nematode sampling, 472 see Wild germplasm and range, 113-14 PASCAL, 348, 353 plant diseases vector control, 122-23 PROLOG, 347-48, 355 Cross-resistance biocontrol, 123 role teaching, 5 see Fungicide resistance insecticides, 122 Savoir shell, 356 Croton hirtus other measures, 123-24 Connecticut Agricultural Experi- bacterial wilt, 72 Citrus nematodes ment Station Cultivars see Tylenchulus see Dimond, Albert Eugene resistant, 464 Cladograms, 95-96 Conservation apple scab expert systems, Cladosporium fulvum, 178 see Genetic diversity for re- 351 Clavibacter sistance in forest trees see also Genetic diversity component greening, 118 Consultive Group on In- for resistance in forest Clones ternational Agricultural Re- trees; forest tree resistance, 333 search, 44 Nematodes, plant resistance and genes involved in Pseudomo- Containment tolerance; Resistance breed- nas toxins, 256-59 see Citrus canker in Florida; ing in peanut see also cDNA Exclusion and disease susceptible Coat proteins control fungicide use, 423 see Tobacco mosaic virus; Cook, R. James, 29 CUPID canopy model, 375 Resistance Copolymerization, 178 Cutinase Cobb, Alice Proctor, 16 Copper, 161 role pathogenicity, 454-4 Cobb, Nathan Augustus citrus canker, 405-6 CUT1, 455 early life, 16 Coronamic acid, 252-53 Cylindrocladium black rot early professional career, 17- Coronatine peanut 280, 282, 295 20 see Pseudomonas syringae Cylindrocladium crotalariae higher education, 16-17 toxin genetics peanut, 282, 292 introduction, 15 Corn blight, 35 Cyst nematodes other, 24-25 Coronafacic acid, 252-53, 258, see Globodera; Heterodera USDA, 20-24 263 Cysteine residues, 268 Cocoa swollen shoot virus, 41 H-coronafacoy]-L-isoleucine, Cytokinins Code of Nomenclature of Bac- 252-53 nematode resistance, 180 teria, 67 Coronafacoylvaline, 253 trans-zeatin, 67 494 SUBJECT INDEX D Ditylenchus see also Delignification by dipsaci wood-decay fungi; Myce- Dactylella oviparasitica host range differences, 174 lial individualism nematode biocontrol, 153-54 host resistance, 179 Electrophoresis Dagger nematodes see also Nematodes, plant re- Heterodera phylogenetics, see Radopholus sistance and tolerance 98-99 Damage functions Diversity karyotyping M. grisea, 451- nematode management, 474-75 see Genetic diversity 52 Databases DMI resistance, 433-38 potato cyst nematode, 100 see Expert systems in plant DNA Pseudomonas solanacearum, pathology fingerprints 67 Delignification by wood-decay M. grisea, 451, 461 smut genetics, 145-6 fungi, 381-398 homology Elsinoe phaseoli, 41 concluding remarks, 392-93 greening isolates, 118 Embargo factors, 384-88 P. solanacearum, 66 definition, 233 anatomical, 384-85 P. s. syringae, 261 Employment chemical and ecophysiolog- interaction RNA polymerase, regulatory control, 234 ical, 385-87 268 see also Plant pathology, variation in fungi, 387-88 M. grisea, 448-49 changing profession introduction, 381-83 chromosome walking, 452- Endoparasitic fungi liginolytic systems, 390-92 53 nematode biocontrols, 159-60 patterns, 383-84 probes, 248 Endoplasmic reticulum physical aspects, 398-90 citrus canker, 410-13 effect nematode attack, 180 Development diagnosis greening, 120 Entry status see Growth nematode identification, see Exclusion and disease Developmental variation 484 control see Mycelial individualism P. phaseolicola, 264 Environment 2,4-Diaminobutryic acid, 249- P. solanacearum, 67 effect 51 relatedness bacterial wilt, 69 Diaphorina citri P. syringae pathovars, 248 peanut resistance, 288 citrus greening vector, 115-17 cDNA regulatory actions, 224-25 control, 122-24 M. grisea, 447-49 smut virulence, 142 Dibromochloropropane, 482 mtDNA tobacco mosaic virus necro- Dicarboximide resistance, 427- nematode systematics, 92- sis, 211-12 29, 434 93, 102 toxin synthesis, 267-71 Dichomitus squalens rDNA see also Nematodes, plant lignin peroxidase activity, 388 nematode phylogeny, 102-3 resistance and toler- Dickson, J. G., 3 DNA/DNA ance Dieback homology interactions see Citrus greening P. solanacearum, 66 disease triangle, 224-26 Diethofencarb Xanthomonas, 423-15, 417 see also Bacterial wilt with carbendazim, 427, 429 hybridization caused by Pseudomo- Digamasellus quadrisetus Pseudomonas sola- nas solanacearum Berlese, 157 nacearum, 66 models Dimethirimol, 432 Dorylaimus, 19 see Cereal crop growth Dimethoate Downey mildew models citrus greening, 122 control, 429 pollutants 5,7-dimethoxyisoflavone, 292 quarantine, 226 delignification, 393 Dimond, Albert Eugene, 29-33 Draconema, 21 weather-based disease Dimond, Louise W., 33 Duggar, B.M., 29-31 forecasters, 343, 357-58 Dimond, Naomi Sorkin, 31 Dutch elm disease see also Stress Diplodia natalensis see Dimond, Albert Eugene Epidemiology augments citrus greening, 112 genetic base Disease cycle E see Wild germplasm and M. grisea, 453 plant diseases Disease triangle Earthworms see also Bacterial wilt caused role in quarantine, 224-26 nematode biocontrol, 161 by Pseudomonas sola- Dissertations Echinodontium tinctorium, 313 nacearum; quarantine coverage, 235 Echinulation Citrus canker in Florida Distance metrics smuts, 141-42 Eradication nematode systematics, 93 Ecosystems citrus canker, 400, 405-6, Dithiocarbamates, 425 modeling, 378 415 SUBJECT INDEX 495 Escherichia coli, 253, 257 eradicants, 240 peanut, 280 tabtoxin, 259 molecular probes, 240-42 see also Plant pathology, Esophageal gland cells pest risk assessment, 237- changing profession see gland cells 39 Fischer, George, 3 Ethirimol, 432-33, 436 zero tolerance and threshold Fitness with DMI, 433 requirement, 239-40 definition, 174 Ethylene, 253, 292 Summary, 243-44 forest tree resistance, 329 Ethylene dibromide, 482 Expert systems in plant patholo- fungal establishment, 316 migration Radopholus gy, 343-60 fungicide resistance, 426, citrophilus, 477 beginnings, 343—44 428, 433 Ethylmethane sulfonate components, 344-47 peanut resistance, 288 mutagenesis, 264-5 decision making process, smut resistance, 144 European and Mediterranean Flax rust Plant Protection Organiza- knowledge base, 344-46 host resistance, 40 tion, 223, 239 making easy to use, 346- Flooding Evolutionary fitness 47 nematode control, 480 see Fitness; Mycelial in- developing, 348-52 Floral infection dividualism evaluation and adoption, small-grain smuts, 138 Exclusion 351-52 Florida nematodes, 477 hardware and software, see Citrus canker in Florida see also Citrus canker in Flor- 347-48 Foliar diseases ida; Quarantine knowledge acquisition, oomycete fungicide resistance, Exclusion and disease control, 349-51 431-32 219-246 selecting the problem, 348- peanut resistance, 283-89 concepts, 221-231 49 see also Leaves biological basis, 224-28 future, 358-59 Food and Agriculture Organiza- control strategy, 222 plant pathology, 353-58 tion disease triangle, 225-26 Apple Pest and Disease Di- see FAO Plant Protection economical, social, political agnosis, 356 Bulletin; United Nations bases, 228-31 CALEX/Peaches, 356-57 Food and Agriculture geographic basis, 223-24 comparison of systems, 354 Organization legal basis, 222-23 COUNSELLOR, 355-56 Foraging strategies pest risk interaction, 226— GrapES, 355 mycelial, 309-10 28 Muskmelon Disorder Man- Forecasting regulatory principles, 221- agement System, 357 nematode crop loss, 474, 476 22 Penn State Appie Orchard see also Expert systems in definitions, 220-21 Consultant, 357-58 plant pathology entry status, 221 PLANT/ds, 353 Forest ecosystems pest risk, 221 POMME, 353-55 see Delignification by wood- quarantine significance, 220 White Pine Blister Rust, decay fungi risk/benefit consideration, 355 Forestry 221 Extracellular polysaccharide see Genetic diversity for re- safeguards, 221 X. c. campestris, 257 sistance in forest trees educating the public, 242-43 FORTRAN, 356 introduction, 219-20 F Frost damage quarantine negative image, herbicides predispose, 377 230-37 Fallow Fungal Federal Plant Pest Act, nematode control, 478-79 antagonists 236-37 FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, citrus greening, 123 IPM programs, 235 224 nematode, 480 Plant Quarantine Act, 235- Federal Plant Pest Act, 223, see also Nematode natural 36 236-37 enemies public attitude, 232 Fertility biotechnology, 392-3 review articles and dis- see Reproduction degradation sertations Fibonacci series see Delignification by textbooks, 234 wheat tiller growth, 364 wood-decay fungi university courses, 234 Field plot studies growth, 456 words “‘quarantine” and nematology, 149 individualism embargo”, 233 Financing research see Mycelial individualism Research, 237-42 exclusion and control, 230— pathogens computer-assisted informa- 31, 238-39 see Magnaporthe grisea tion retrieval, 239 nematology, 149-50, 163 molecular genetics 496 SUBJECT INDEX population dynamics General Agreement on Trade systematics, 95, 97-101 see Mycelial individualism and Tariffs, 228 host resistance Fungicide Genetic diversity see Nematodes, plant resis- expert systems, 345, 355, 358 fungal, 458 tance and tolerance research delignification, 387-88 systematics A.E. Dimond, 30 resistance to nematodes, 479 see Nematode molecular resistance see also Mycelial individual- systematics smuts, 144-45 ism; Resistance breeding B-glucosidase, 269 Fungicide resistance, 421-42 in peanut; B-glucosides, 270 2-amino pyrimidines, 432-33 Wild germplasm and plant dis- Glutamine synthetase, 266 benzimidazoles, 425-27 ease Glycoproteins Botrytis in Swiss vineyards, Genetic diversity for resistance role plant-nematode in- 425-27 in forest trees, 325-42 teractions, conclusions, 438-39 breeding, 331-34 179 counter-measure impact, 425 conservation, 334-37 B-glycosidase dicarboximides, 427-29 distribution, 327-31 potato cyst nematodes, 181 Botrytis in the Champagne introduction, 325-27 Gossypol, 181 Region, 427-29 Genetic linkage, 452 graft DMI fungicides, 433-37 Ustilago hordei, 138 incompatibility barley powdery mildew in Genetic manipulation virus-induced necrotic reac- Europe, 434-36 see cDNA; Clones; Mutants tion, 194 mixtures and alternations, Genetics transmissibility 436-37 see Magnaporthe grisea citrus greening, 114-15 wheat powdery mildew in molecular genetics; tomato spotted wilt virus, Northern Europe, 434 Pseudomonas 287 introduction, 421-24 syringae toxin genetics, Grant system use and resistance, 423-24 Small-grain smut genetics see Financing research The Fungicide Resistance Ac- Genets GrapES expert system, 355 tion Committee, 424-25 see Mycelial individualism Grassy stunt virus, 49 mixtures and alternations, Genomic interactions Grassy stunt virus of rice, 41 437-38 see Mycelial individualism Greening disease outlook, 439 Genotype see Citrus greening disease phenylamides, 429-32 nematode Growth against foliar pathogens, definition, 175 crop 432 Gentisic acid concentration see Cereal crop growth P. infestans, 430-31 citrus greening, 120 models P. viticola in France, 431- Gentisoyl-B-p-glucose degree days, 364, 368 32 citrus greening, 112, 118-19 fungal, 456 Fusarium Germination temperature see also Mycelial in- augments citrus greening, 112 Tilletia, 142 dividualism Fusarium wilt Germplasm reduction nematode effects, 183 bacterial wilt role nematodes, 182-83 tomato, 80 host resistance, 77, 80 see also Dimond, Albert Eu- forest tree resistance, 332, H gene 334, 336 Fusiform rust, 327 resistance to nematodes, 484 Hawaiian Sugar Planters see also Wild germplasm Association Experiment G Global warming Station, 19 bacterial wilt distribution, 81 Heat Globodera citrus greening vectors, 115- B-galactosidase, 261, 269, 270 pallida 16 Galls aldicarb, 170 Hemicellulases, 391 nematode induced, 183 host resistance, 175-76, Heterobasidion annosum Ganoderma, 387 183 decay mechanisms, 385 tsugae identification, 484 life cycle, 319 delignification, 384-85 systematics, 95, 97-98, Heterodera zonatum 100-1 avenae, 157 delignification, 390 virulence, 173 early planting for control, Gene-for-gene interactions rostochiensis 480 plants and nematodes, 186 identification, 484 fumigation, 472 see also Virus-host in- Rol, 173, 175, 183 fungal antagonists, 152-53, teractions, tobamoviruses sampling, 472 159-60 SUBJECT INDEX 497 taxonomic relationships, slow mildewing, 39 wild populations, 47 97, 99 tobacco mosaic virus, 196 Inonotus dryophilus elachista virus coat-protein mediated, delignification, 385, 390 bacterial antagonists, 154- 292 Insect-disease interactions 55 see also Genetic diversity for forest tree resistance, 331 glycines resistance in forest trees; Insect vectors host resistance, 176 Resistance breeding in peanut; exclusion, 224 role race virulence, 174 Wild germplasm and plant see also Citrus greening dis- taxonomic relationships, diseases ease 95, 98-100 Host specificity insecticide Resistance Action goettingiana see Magnaporthe grisea Committee, 425 management, 476 molecular genetics Insecticides phylogenetics, 97 Hyaluronidase, 121 citrus greening, 122-23 host resistance Hygromycin B, 448 Integrated crop protection see Nematodes, plant resis- Hydrogen peroxide, 180 see Fungicide resistance tance and tolerance Hymenochaete corrugata, 309 Integrated pest management pro- lespedezae Hypersensitive response grams phylogenetics, 99 breeding for, 294 bacterial wilt, 79 radicicola, 22-23 Cronartium, 329 exclusion and control, 235 rostochiensis, 100 nematode, 180-81, 293 expert systems schachtii P. s. syringae induced, 252 see Expert systems in plant early planting for control, tobamoviruses pathology 480 see Virus-host interactions, see also Fungicide resistance; fungal antagonists, 154 tobamoviruses Nematode management taxonomic relationships, Hyphal anastomosis, 305-6, 308 Intercrossing 95-99 Hypoapsis nr. aculeifer (Canes- see Genetic diversity for re- systematics trini), 157 sistance in forest trees see Nematode molecular Hypoxylon International Agricultural Re- systematics fragiforme, 313 search Centers, 43-45 trifolii fuscum, 313 International Benchmark Sites phylogenetics, 99 for Agrotechnology Trans- Hirsutella rhossilienses fer, 361, 376 nematode biocontrol, 154, International Board for Plant 160 Genetic Resources, 49 Homology ICI Agrochemicals, 355 International Crops Research In- see DNA; rRNA Incompatibility stitute Hormone inhibitors see Mycelial individualism see Resistance breeding in nematode, 481 India peanut Host pathogen interactions see Resistance breeding in International Mycological In- forest tree resistance breeding, peanut stitute, 48 329 Indian dieback International Plant Protection quarantine, 224-26, 227 see Citrus greening disease Convention, 220, 223- see also Cereal crop growth Individualism 24 models; Mycelial in- see Mycelial individualism International Society for Plant dividualism; Indoleacetic acid oxidase activ- Pathology, 417, 425 Nematodes, plant resistance and ity, 181 Interspecies antagonism tolerance; Pseudomonas Infection responses see Mycelial individualism syringae Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Invertebrate antagonists toxin genetics 45-46 see Nematode natural enemies Host range Puccinia coronata, 46 Ion transport see Bacterial wilt caused by Inoculum effects syringomycin, 252, Pseudomonas sola- bacterial wilt, 69-71 267-68 nacearum density IPM Host resistance peanut resistance, 288 see Integrated pest manage- bacterial wilt, 73 fungal ment environmental factors, 172 see Mycelial individualism Iron infection frequency, 291 nematode role syringomycin production, nematodes, 478-79 biocontrol, 161-62 268 see also Nematodes, plant see also Nematodes, plant Isoenzyme data resistance and toler- resistance and toler- nematode systematics, 92- ance ance 94 rate-reducing, 291 small-grain smuts, 138 Lisoleucine, 252 498 SUBJECT INDEX J Life cycles field into laboratory, 444-45 cereals future efforts, 463-64 Jenkins, E.H., 29 see Cereal crop growth host specificity, genetics and Johnson, S.W., 32 models cytology fungal genes for pathogenicity and K see Mycelial individualism virulence, 458-61 nematode, 469-70, 481, 484 histological complexity, Lignin degradation 458 Karyotypes see Delignification by wood- host specificity, new insights M. grisea, 451-52 decay fungi on variation, 461-62 smut genetics, 146 Lignin peroxidase, 388, 390-91 introduction, 443-44 Knowledge bases Light molecular pathogenesis mech- see Expert systems in plant factor growth models, 374 anisms, 453-57 pathology Likubin disease cycle, 453 Krebs cycle, 319 see Citrus greening disease penetration, 453-55 LISP, 347-48 proliferation, 455-57 L Loblolly pine Magnaporthe grisea repeat resistance, 328 (MGR), 447, 449-50, 452, fusiform rust, 327 459, 461 Laboratory equipment, 7-8 Lodgepole pine SMO1, 455 B-lactam, 254, 258-59 resistance, 328 Magnesium peroxidases, 390- B-lactamase, 259 Long-range dispersal 91 Lactose, 402 Pseudomonas solanacearum, Maize Lampito mauritii, 157 69-70 quarantine, 226 Large proteins Lysine, 254 Maltose, 402 syringomycin, 268 Manganese, 390-91 biosynthesis, 259-61 M Manure STP1, 259-61 nematode biocontrol, 161 STP2, 259-61 McKinney, H.H., 3 Marlatt, C.L., 21 syr genes, 260-61 Magnaporthe grisea Mating-type loci Late blight, 50 appressoria, 454, 458 M. grisea, 445 fungicide resistance, 430 cloned genes Tilletia, 141 potato, 424 CUT1, 447,449 Ustilago, 139-40, 145 Latent infections ILV1, 447-48 Melampsora, 329 see Bacterial wilt caused by RSY1, 447, 454 Meloidogyne Pseudomonas sola- conidia, 446, 461 arenaria nacearum mutants bacterial antagonists, 155— Leaf mottle ALB1, 445 56 see Citrus greening disease BUF1, 444 peanut, 280 Leaf spot drug-resistant, 446 phylogeny, 92-94 P. solanacearum, 71 melanin-deficient, 446 soil sampling, 471 see also Cercospora arachidi- SMO1, 445 graminicola cola; Cercosporidium transformation flooding for control, 480 personatum ALB1, 454 hapla Leaves BUF1, 454 peanut, 280 chlorotic symptoms, 255 GUY11, 452 root damage indices, 471 see Virus-host interactions, Magnaporthe grisea molecular systematics, 92-93 tobamoviruses genetics, 443-67 host resistance growth classical genetics, 445-53 see Nematodes, plant resis- see Cereal crop growth cloned genes, 447 tance and tolerance models electrophoretic karyotyping, incognita necrotic symptoms 451-52 bacterial antagonists, 162 see Virus-host interactions, fertile laboratory strains, cytokinin treatment, 180 tobamoviruses 445-46 density sampling, 475 nematode effects, 168-9, gene disruption, 448-49 host resistance, 41, 176, 182-83 genetic mapping, 452-53 179, 181 see also Foliar diseases middle repetitive DNA nutrient effects, 183 Lectins, 179 sequences, 449-51 systematics, 92, 94 role plant-nematode reactions, mutant isolation, 446 javanica 481 transformation, 447-48 bacterial antagonists, 162 Lentinula edodes vegetative diploid phase, biocontrol, 153-54 delignification, 389 446-47 systematics, 92-94 SUBJECT INDEX 499 see also root-knot nema- tobamovirus, 197, 202 suppressive soils todes see also Genetic diversity for nematode, 293, 481 sampling, 471, 473,484 resistance in forest trees; see also Nematode natural soil fumigation, 470 Magnaporthe grisea molecular enemies soil temperatures, 480 genetics systematics systematics Mycelial individualism, 305-23 see Cobb, Nathan Au- see Nematode molecular conclusions, 320 gustus; Nematode systematics control of variation, 318-20 molecular systematics Membrane degradation inoculum potential, 307-13 Nematode management, 469-90 citrus canker, 406 arrival, spores or myce- improving identification and syringomycin, 252 lium, 308-10 management, 483-84 see also Delignification by establishment, 310-13 introduction, 469-70 wood-decay fungi introduction, 305-7 programs, 470-83 Mesodiplogaster Iheritieri, 157 life history strategies, 313-20 direct management tactics, Metal-protein complexes, 252 genetic variation, 315-17 480-83 Metalaxyl, 430 genomic symbiosis, 317-18 exclusion, 477 Methyl bromide, 470 R-, C- and S-selection, management tactics, 476- Mi gene, 177-78 314-15 83 Mexican lime cancrosis selection, routine and predicting population see Citrus canker in Florida episodic, 315 change and crop loss, Mineral ash, 78 Mycoplasma-like organisms 474-76 Mitochondrial nucleic acid citrus greening, 117 sampling, 470-73 hybridization suboptimal hosts or en- nematode detection, 484 N vironments, 477-80 Models Nematode natural enemies, 149- nematode crop loss, 474 166 see also Cereal crop growth Nacobbus, 169 conclusions, 163 models National Institutes of Health, exotic antagonists into soil, ModWHT winter wheat model, 7,9 161-62 373-16 National Science Foundation, 7, bacterial, 162 Molecular genetics 9-10, 31-32 fungal, 161-62 see Magnaporthe grisea molecu- Necrosis introduction, 149-50 lar genetics, Pseudomonas nematode, 180 manipulating nematode ene- syringae toxin genetics; Small- see also Citrus canker in Flor- mies, 158-62 grain smut genetics ida; Virus-host in- bacterial antagonists, 160 Monoclonal antibodies teractions, endoparasitic fungi, 159-60 citrus canker, 411 tobamoviruses invertebrate antagonists, citrus greening, 113, 120 Nematicides, 475-76, 482-83 160-61 nematode aldicarb, 170, 482 nematode-trapping fungi, gland cell products, 196 alternatives, 478 159 identification, 484 see also Nematode natural opportunistic fungal para- Monocrotophos enemies sites, 160 citrus greening disease, 122 carbofuran, 482 soil antagonists, 158-61 Monoterpenes, 328 carrot, 471 suppressive soils, 150-58 Morpholine resistance, 435, 435 field plot studies, 149 bacterial biocontrol, 154-56 Morphology groundwater contamination, fungal biocontrol, 152-54 see Cereal crop growth mod- 482 invertebrate biocontrol, els systematic, 482 156-5 Mosaic symptoms Nematode invertebrate dispersal, 157 see Virus-host interactions, control invertebrate reproduction, tobamoviruses see Nematode natural 157-58 Muskmelon Disorder Manage- enemies invertebrate voracity, ment System, 357 gland cells, 168, 179, 186 specificity, survival, Muskmelon powdery mildew, races 156-57 345-46 see Nematodes. plant resis- Nematode systematics and Mutants tance and tolerance molecular data, 89-107 fungal versatility, 319 reproduction concluding remarks, 103 M. grisea, 447-49 see Nematodes, plant resis- Heteroderinae, 95-97, 95— nontoxigenic tance and tolerance 101 see Pseudomonas syringae resistance to, 478-9 generic relationships, 95-97 toxin genetics saliva, 168, 179 Globodera biochemical tax- smuts, 139 soil solarization, 482 onomy, 100-1 500 SUBJECT INDEX Heterodera biochemical Nonhost interactions see also Resistance breeding taxonomy, 98-100 viral, 194 in peanut sibling species, races and North American Plant Protection Peanut clump virus, 288 pathotypes, 98 Organization, 223 Peanut Collaborative Research species relationships, 97-98 Nursery canker Support Program, 280 introduction, 89-90 see Citrus canker in Florida Peanut leaf spot Meloidogyne, 91-94 Nutrients fungicide resistance, 425 Molecular data in nematode effect toxin synthesis, 267-68 Peanut mottle virus, 280, 287 phylogeny, 101-3 imbalance Pectin methylesterase, 179 Nematodes, plant resistance and expert systems, 356 Penicillin G tolerance, 167-92 treatment citrus greening, damage mechanisms, 182-84 O 117-18 damage components, 182- Penicillin-carbendazin dip 84 citrus greening, 121 Obituaries impaired root function, see Dimond, Albert Eugene Penn State Apple Orchard Con- 183-84 sultant, 348-50, 355, 357- Octanoyl coenzyme A, 251 parasitic, 183 58 Octicidin, 254-55, 258 introduction, 167-68 Apple Scab Module, 350-51 Octopamine nematode biology, 168-69 Peptide antibiotics, 251 Oilseed crops resistance, tolerance genetics, Peroxidase activity see Resistance breeding in 175-76 peanut citrus greening, 112, 122 resistance and virulence, 176- Pesticides Organic Act, 223 77 role quarantine, 240 Ornithine carbamoyltransferase, resistance mechanisms, 177- Phanerochaete chrysosporium 255 79 delignification, 387-88, 390- Outcrossing resistant response, 180-81 91 see Mycelial individualism summary, 185-86 soil detoxification, 392 Oxalic Acid, 292-93 terminology, 169-75 Phaseolotoxin Oxyuris, 18, 19 biotype, pathotype, race, see Pseudomonas syringae 174-75 toxin genetics pathogenicity, virulence, , B-phellandrine, 328 171 Phellinus resistance, tolerance, 169- Paecilomyces kawakamii 71 nematode biocontrol, 151 p. delignification, 385 resistance, susceptibility, Palo blanco, 384 nigrolimitatus aggressiveness, 171-74 Palo podrido, 384-86 delignification, 385 tolerance, 181-82 Pantothenic acid pini tolerance, occurrence and use, Ustilago hordei, 140 delignification, 383-84, 184-85 PASCAL, 348, 353 391 tolerance, tscreening, 185 Pasteuria weirii, 309 yield loss and tolerance, mod- nematode biocontrol, 152, Phenolic compounds eling, 182 154, 162 nematode control, 181, 481 yield reduction and tolerance penetrans Phenylalanine, 204 mechanisms, 184 nematode biocontrol, 154- Phenylamide resistance, 429-32, Nematologists, 3 56, 160-61 434 see also Cobb, Nathan Au- Pathogenesis-related proteins Phomopsis gustus nematode effects, 183-84 outcrossing, 312 Nematophthora gynophila Kerry Pathogenicity 4'-phosphopantetheine, 251 and Crump definition, 171 Photosynthates, 368 nematode biocontrol, 159-60 see also Magnaporthe grisea role on growth models, 374 Neurospora crassa molecular genetics; Photosynthesis New South Wales Department Pseudomonas syringae toxin ge- nematode effects, 183 of Agriculture, 17 netics Photosystem II Nitrogen Pathotypes tobacco mosaic virus coat nematode effects, 183 definition, 174 protein, 196 role nematode Phyllochron value delignification, 386 see Nematodes, plant resis- cereal growth, 365-66, 368, fungicide resistance, 423, tance and tolerance 374 429 Peach disease expert systems, Phylogenetics toxin biosynthesis, 268 356-57 see Bacterial wilt caused by uptake modeling, 374-75, Peanut Pseudomonas sola- 377 bacterial wilt, 69, 71, 75-76 nacearum,