ANNUAL REVIEW of Nursing Research Volume 1, 1983 EDITORS Barriet H. Werley, Ph.D. Joyce J. Fitzpatrick, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Professor and Dean School of Nursing Frances Payne Bolton School University of Wisconsin- of Nursing Milwaukee Case Western Reserve Milwaukee, Wisconsin University Cleveland, Ohio ADVISORY BOARD Jeanne Quint Benoliel, D.N.Sc. Ada K. Jacox, Ph.D. University of Washington University of Maryland Seattle, Washington Baltimore, Maryland Doris Bloch, Dr .P .H. Janelle C. Krueger, Ph.D. Division of Nursing University of Colorado U. S. Department of Health Denver, Colorado and Human Services Rockland, Maryland Angela B. McBride, Ph.D. lndiana University Ellen 0. Fuller, Ph.D. lndianapolis, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Lucille E. Notter, Ed.D. Former Editor, Nursing Research Susan R. Gortner, Ph.D. New York, New York University of California San Francisco, California Joanne Sabol Stevenson, Ph.D. The Ohio State University Ada Sue Hinshaw, Ph.D. Columbus, Ohio University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Margaret A. Williams, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin ANNUAL REVIEW of Nursing Research Volume 1, 1983 Rarriet H. Werley, Ph.D. Joyce J. Fitzpatrick, Ph.D. Editors Springer Science+Business Media, LLC ISBN 978-3-662-39397-0 ISBN 978-3-662-40453-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-40453-9 Copyright © 1984 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer Publishing Company, Inc. in 1984. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1984 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any fonn or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior pennission of Springer Publishing Company, Inc. 84 85 86 87 88 / lO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISSN 0739-6686 Contents Preface vii Contributors xi Contents, Volume 2 xiii Part I. Research on Nursing Practice Chapter 1. Nursing Research Related to Infants and Yo ung Children 3 KATHRYN E. BARNARD Chapter 2. Nursing Research Related to Schoolage Children and Adolescents 27 MARY J. DENYES Chapter 3. Adulthood: A Promising Focus for Future Research 55 JoANNE SABOL STEVENsaN Chapter 4. Clinical Geriatrie Nursing Research 75 MARY ÜPAL WOLANIN Chapter 5. Nursing Research on Death, Dying, and Terminal Illness: Development, Present State, and Prospects 10 1 JEANNE QuiNT BENOLIEL Part II. Research on Nursing Care Delivery Chapter 6. Nursing Staff Turnover, Stress, and Satisfaction: Models, Measures, and Management 133 AnA SuE HINSHAW and JAN R. ATWoon Chapter 7. Interorganizational Relations Research in Nursing Care Delivery Systems 155 JANELLE c. KRUEGER Part III. Research on the Profession of Nursing Chapter 8. Socialization and Roles in Nursing 183 MARY E. CoNWAY Part IV. Other Research Chapter 9. Philosophie Inquiry 211 RosEMARY ELLIS Index 229 V Preface In the process of maturing, most disciplines develop media to review critically, on a regular basis, the work that leads the discipline forward, so that students, faculty, and other scholars can recognize the advances made, the existing gaps, and the areasthat need further work. Nursing had not followed this tradition until recently, when reviews of Iiterature in a particular problern area began appearing in joumals such as Nursing Re search and Research in Nursing and Health. Useful as they are for broad overviews on selected topics, these articles, however, do not generally follow the pattem of critical, integrative reviews designed to help scholars identify what has been done, what has been done well, what has not been done well, what are the gaps, and what are the suggested directions for the field. The function of systematic, critical assessment of advances in a field is usually assumed by a regular Annual Review. Such a medium has been lacking in the discipline of nursing. With the present volume, nursing obtains its own medium of scholarly advances, the Annual Review of Nursing Research. In some disciplines, annual reviews encompass problems, issues, advances, and research. Fora field such as nursing, an annual review as comprehensive as that could become so large and overwhelming that it might simply be another volume resting on a reference shelf. For nursing, in the judgement of the senior editor of this newly created medium, a review should be limited to research pertinent to nursing and health, and should result in a systematic assessment of knowledge development. Thus, it would also be more likely to provide nursing with an appropriate data-based foundation. The genesis of this comprehensive publishing project extended over a dozen years. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Harrlet Werley began discussing the plan with colleagues and friends, eliciting their reactions to the idea of creating an Annual Review of Nursing Research, and also seeking suggestions about how the volumes might be organized-either by the traditional clinical content areas, by concepts being taught, or by some other format. Werley continued to discuss the plan with many individuals in private and at conferences, as well as at meetings of the Executive Commit tee of the American Nurses' Association (ANA) Council of Nurse Re searchers (CNR) durlog the years 1976 to 1980. She presented a motion to the membership of the CNR at one of their business meetings to see if vii viii PREFACE there would be support for the idea of developing a series of reviews. The vote was in the affinnative and she was encouraged to proceed. At several annual meetings she reported back to this body on the progress being made, which was usually very slow, apparently because nursing really was not ready for this move; the amount of research for review in any one area of nursing was not yet voluminous. In the early 1980s, Werley began to sense that she was getting a different reaction. Many nurses recognized the value of the suggested project and were eager to contribute their thoughts. In 1979, prior to leaving the position as Associate Dean for Research at the University of Illinois College of Nursing, she decided to assemble faculty colleagues from the different nursing areas so she might profit from their ideas and reactions. These colleagues were tremendously interested and did not want to drop the subject without more discussion; thus, a second sessionwas held. Joyce Fitzpatrick accepted Werley's invitation to become coeditor and shared with her the conceptual foundations and much of the practical work that preceded this complex project. Roma Lee Taunton, a research extern and a doctoral student from the University ofKansas Educational Psycholo gy and Research Program, was engaged to scrutinize the notes and mate rials collected for discussion at the frrst working session of the editors in March 1981. This led to the formulation of the frrst five-year plan for the proposed annual review, suggestions of persons to be invited for the Advisory Board, and eventually the identificaton of authors for the frrst three volumes. Dr. Ursula Springer, President of Springer Publishing Company, was a source of encouragement, and she expressed interest in publishing the Annual Review ofN ursing Research. The editors conducted much of their business with colleagues at various regional and national meetings, as weil as by phone, and by September 1981 all authors for Volume 1 were commissioned for their chapters. In developing the master plan, the editors were guided by the many reactions and suggestions elicited from fellow nurses. It was decided that each volume would contain at least four parts: Research on Nursing Prac tice, Research on Nursing Care Delivery, Research on Nursing Education, and Research on the Profession of Nursing. The parts would be composed of chapters, with about five chapters included under Nursing Practice. The chapters under Nursing Practice for Volume 1 would pertain to human * development throughout the life span; for Volume 2, the emphasis of these *Readers can get a preview of the planned chapters for Volume 2 from the Table of Contents included in this volume. PREFACE iX chapters would be on the family; and for Volume 3, on the community. The research reviewed in these volumes would be useful to practitioners, administrators, and educators. The volumes, therefore, would be appealing to all groups of nurses, as well as to others interested in nursing and health. For some volumes there may be an additional part with chapters presented as stimulus pieces. If the research in a particular area is sparse but very much needed, an author may review critically the existing studies and then put the emphasis on future directions and stimulating research in that area. Also, a foreign research colleague may be invited to review the nursing research in her/bis country for the benefit of international perspec tives in nursing research. In this first volume, as can be noted from the Table of Contents, the research reviewed pertains to five areas of human development along the life span from infants to the elderly and dying persons. Kathryn E. Barnard reviewed nursing research related to infants and young children; Mary J. Denyes dealt with schoolage children; Joanne Sabol Stevenson's content was the adult; Mary Opal Wolanin was concerned with clinical nursing research pertaining to the elderly; and, Jeanne Quint Benoliel dealt with death, dying, and terminal illness. In the area of research on nursing care delivery both the intra- and interorganizational aspects were covered. Ada Sue Hinshaw and Jan R. Atwood addressed aspects ofnursing staffturnov er, stress, and satisfaction, while Janelle C. Krueger reviewed research pertaining to nursing interorganizational relations. In the area of research on the profession of nursing, Mary E. Conway reviewed studies relating to socialization into the profession and some aspects of roles in nursing. A stimulus piece, the chapter on philosophic inquiry developed by Rosemary Ellis, represents an important yet underdeveloped area that we hope will grow. Unfortunately, as often happens with the first volume of an annual, some of the commissioned chapters were not completed. These gaps in presentation will be remedied in future volumes. No venture like that of establishing an annual review can be accom plished without the contributions of many, many individuals, ranging from those nurses who initially listened and offered suggestions, to Dr. Ursula Springer, President of Springer Publishing Company, who provided con sistent support and practical advice. Much credit goes to the Advisory Board members, who assisted with the review of manuscripts; the authors, a number of whom are Advisory Board members, who were brave enough to take on the new kind of writing-a critical, integrative review of research; the secretaries-who assisted the senior editor in keeping the simultaneaus work on three volumes straight-Theresa Terry, later Juanita Black at the University of Missouri-Columbia School ofNursing, and more X PREFACE recently Catherine R. Sweet at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee School ofNursing; and those who provided assistance for the coeditor at the Case Western Reserve University School ofNursing-Sara Pencil, Loretta Crenshaw, and most of all, Bertha Willis. Reader reactions to the volumes as they appear will be appreciated; suggestions are desired, as are expressions of interest in contributing a chapter in an area of one's expertise. Authors are selected mainly from those conducting research; they are recognized, creditable investigators, qualitied to evaluate the research in an area. Suggestions from both the Advisory Board and authors are especially welcome because their com ments stem from involvement and ftrst-hand knowledge of the operations.