1 --^ Subject Index A.ctivity levels, childhood, cultural and Demographic variables, 245 familial influences on, 86 Depression Activity questionnaires, 298 risk for, 301 Adolescence, physiological developmental self-esteem and, 289 factors in, 220 Diabetes, 37 Adolescent concerns, 151 Diagnosis of obesity, 207 Adolescents, female, 76, 201 Dietary patterns, 70 Aerobic capacity, estimated, 186 Dietary prescription, 213 Aerobic exercise, 122 Dietary questionnaires, 298 African-American girls, 275 Dietary recommendations, 234 Age, stability with, 28 Dieting and binge eating, 203 American Indian Disinhibition subscale, 202 cardiovascular curriculum for, 265 Drug use, 244 primary prevention of obesity in, 167 Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, 116 Amniotic fluid insulin, 39 1 Atherosclerosis prevention center Eating behavior, influences on, 57 program, 222 Eating patterns, childhood, cultural and familial influences on, 86 Behavior modification, 182, 215 Education, health, and media campaigns. I Behavioral ‘reatments, 237 110 Binge-eating disorder, 200 Electrical conductivity, total body. Bioelectric impedance, measurement of measurement of, 9 human body composition and, 10 Energy expenditure, 77, 115 Birthweight, 85 Energy intake, 116 Blood pressure, high, % American children’s, 250 Body composition, 115 energy expenditure and, 18 Body density, measurement of, 12 Entertainment, subtle messages about food Body mass index, 38 products in, 110 Body weight (see Ideal body weight) Ethnic differences, 85 Bronchospasm, exercise-induced, 122 Ethnic minority youth, target marketing of food products to, 107 i Caloric intake, 73 Ethnicity and obesity development, 81 Caltrac accelerometer, 118 Exercise prescription, 122, 214 Cardiac dysfunction, 52 Cardiovascular curriculum, 265 Familial influences on childhood eating Cardiovascular disease, 292 patterns and activity levels, 86 Cardiovascular risk, 93, 220 Family role of, in obesity prevention and Causes of obesity, 209 treatment, 147 Child compliance, 139 Family-based professional treatment Childrearing, use of foods in, 150 services, 268 Children, energy intake, 250 Family history, 209 Children’s knowledge, 141 Fat intake, 116 Cholesterol, 210 Fear of obesity, 230 Chronic diseases associated with obesity. Fetal hyperinsulinism, 39 168 Fetus, 36 Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Five-year outcomes, 238 impact of obesity on, 99 Future research on influences on eating 1 Community intervention demonstration behavior, 65 programs, 267 Comprehensive school health education. Crenes, necessary versus susceptibility. 162 28 Cultural influences on childhood eating Genetic aspects of obesity, 26 patterns and activity levels, 86 Gestational diabetes mellitus, 37 305 ___ 306 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Goals, long-term, 280 Nutrition education, 140 Gormally Binge-Eating Scale, 202 Nutrition intervention, 222 Growth and development, 280 Nutritional dwarfing, 231 Health implications in ethnic minority Obesity groups, 87 American Indian children and, 167 Health implications of obesity, 3 cardiovascular risk and, 93, 220 Health professionals, attitudes of, against causes of, 209 being obese, 149 chronic diseases associated with, 168 Heart rate, 118 clustering of cardiovascular risk factors Heritability, 29 and, 99 High-risk interventions, 155 depression and, 289, 301 History of obesity, early natural, 93 diagnosis of, 207 Hyperinsulinemia, 271 early natural history of, 93 Hypertension, prevalence of, 46 eating behavior and, 57 energy expenditure and, 18 Ideal body weight, 182 ethnicity and, 81 Immune function, altered, 253 family involvement in prevention and In-service training, 273 treatment of, 147 teachers’, 131 fear of, 230 Infant feeding, 86 fetal hyperinsulinism and, 36 Inpatient treatment, 257 genetic aspects of, 26 Insulin, 36 health implications of, 3 Insulin resistance, sodium retention and, hemodynamic and cardiac consequences 51 of, 46 increased incidence of, 137 Insulin-like growth factor-1, 186 media influence on, 104 Internalization, 141 methodological considerations in assessment of, 6 Long-term inpatient treatment, 257 parental, 168 pediatric, 181 ^^anagement of cardiovascular risk in phenotypes of, 26 adolescent obesity, 220 physical activity and, 151 Media physical training and, 120 food and nutrition messages in, 295 physician’s perceptions of, 269 role and influence of, 109 preschool children and, 287 Media influence prevalence of, 94, 278 childhood obesity and, 104 prevention of (see Prevention of obesity) eating behavior and, 62 school-based interventions and, 154 Methodological considerations, 6 self-esteem and, 289 Methodological issues, 237 television and, 151 Mexican-American children, primary tracking of, 95 prevention of obesity in, 137 treatment of, 212 Mexican-American preschool children, 287 Overfeeding, response to, 32 Moderate progressive exercise, 182 Overweight, national examination of, 1 Molecular markers, 32 Morbidity, 210 Parental/adult care provider influences Morbidly obese adolescents, 257 on eating behavior, 57 Morbidly obese pediatric population, 253 Parental obesity, 168 Multidisciplinary approach, 292 Parental strategies, 141 Peer relationships, 151 N^ational Health and Nutrition Phenotypes, obesity, 26 Examination Survey II, 168 Physical activity, 115 Navajo Indians, 169 free-living, 276 Nourishment, 281 obesity and, 151, 211 Nutrition physical education classes and, 134 films containing messages about, 295 Physical education, effects of, on adiposity suboptimal, 233 in children, 127 SUBJECT INDEX 307 Physical education curriculum, 130 Self-esteem, depression and, 289 Physical training, 120 Self-management curriculum, 130 Physician’s perceptions of obesity, 269 Self-perceptions of body weight, 173 Population guideline, 75 Serum lipids and lipoprotein levels, 98 Potassium, total body, measurement of, 7 Skinfold thicknesses, prediction of body Predictive equations, measurement of fat from sum of, 9 human body composition and, 13 Skinfolds, 129 Prenatal period, 150 Social cognitive theory, 140 Preschool children, factors associated with Social developmental factors, 221 obesity in, 287 Social/environmental influences on eating Preschool food choices, 150 behavior, 61 Prevalence of obesity, 94 Sodium sensitivity to blood pressure, 48 Prevention of obesity, 4 Stability with age, 28 American Indian children and, 167 Strength training, 122 clustering of cardiovascular risk factors Symmetry index, 40 and, 99 goals of, 149 Target marketing, ethnic, 108 Mexican-American children and, 137 Television and obesity, 151 school-based interventions and, 154 Television watching, 71 Primary and secondary prevention, 154 Ten-year outcomes, 238 Product placement, 111 Tobacco use, 244 Protein-sparing modified fast, 182, 184 Tracking of obesity, 95 Proton absorptiometry, measurement of Treatment, 212 total body bone mineral and, 11 early frequent Psychiatric problems, assessment of, 244 effectiveness of, 262 Pueblo Indians, 169 prevention of childhood obesity and, 260 ^Questionnaires, dietary and activity, 298 Tumor necrosis factor, 254 ]Rate of gain, 280, 284 XJ.S. Resting energy expenditure, 117, 186 children, dietary patterns of, 72 Rural communities, 267 AVaist/hip ratio, 272 School functioning, 151 Water School lunch, 267 doubly labeled, 19, 119 School-based interventions, 154 total body, measurement of, 6 School-wide interventions, 158 Weight management evaluation, 281 Secular trends, prevalence of overweight Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire, and, 2 245 Index of Contributors K, Achterberg, C., 107-114, 295-297 kasparian, D., 257-259 Albertson, A. M., 250-252 Kim, M. Y., 287-288 Alcaraz, J. E., 127-136 Kimm, S. Y. S., xi-xii, 70-80 Alexander, M. A., 287-288 Klesges, R. C., 57-69 Kolody, B., 127-136 Berenson, G. S., 93-103 Koren-Roth, A., 267-268 Berkowitz, R., 200-206 Kumanyika, S., 81-92 Boeck, M. A., 253-256, 257-259 Bollella, M., 207-219 Lambert, L., 167-180 Bouchard, C., 26-35 Landsberg, L., 36-45 Brandenburg, N. A., 298-300 Lifshitz, F., 230-236 Brown, R., 181-199 Litaker, M. S., 275-277 Loftin, M., 181-199 Carlisle, L., 181-199, 292-294 Lombardi, N., 257-259 Carter, B. J., 207-219 Loy, I., 257-259 Lubin, K., 257-259 Chen, C. (X), 253-256 Lyczko, T., 267-268 Cheung, L., 104-106 Christoffel, K. K., 260-261, 262-264 M Copperman, N., 220-229 anos, T. M., 115-126, 275-277 I Cousins, J. H., 137-146 McKenzie, T. L., 127-136 [ Cunningham-Rundles, S., 253-256 Metzger, B. E., 36-45 Davis, K., 260-261, 262-264 Nader, P. R., 127-136, 147-153 Davis, S., 167-180, 265-266 Day, M. C., 267-268 Obarzanek, E., 278-279 Dean, A., 287-288 DeLancey, E., 289-291 Papanastassiou, R., 260-261, 262-264 P6russe, L., 26-35 Epstein, L. H., 237-249 Pierleoni, M. P., 260-261, 262-264 1 Escobar, O., 181-199 [ Ray, J. W., 57-69 i Farris, R. P., 181-199, 292-294 Rees, J. M., 280-286 I Foreyt, J. P., 137-146 Resnicow, K., 154-166 I Freeman, M. B., 298-300 Rhodes, T., 275-277 I Fuchs, G., 181-199 Roberts, S. B., 18-25 Rocchini, A. P., 46-56 Roche, A. F., 6-17 ! Gomez, Y., 167-180, 265-266 Grebin, B., 257-259 j Greecher, C. P., 269-270 Sallis, J. F., 127-136 ! Gutin, B., 115-126, 275-277 Schumacher, H., 181-199, 292-294 Shenker, I. R., 220-229 Sherman, J. B., 287-288 Haas, T., 220-229 Sheslow, D., 271-272, 289-291, 301-303 Harlan, W. R., 1-5 Silverman, B. L., 36—45 i Harsha, D. W., 93-103 Skipper, B., 167-180 Hassink, S., 271-272, 289-291, 301-303 I Novell, M. F., 127-136 Sothem, M. S., 181-199, 292-294 Spandorfer, P. R., 275-277 Srinivasan, S. R., 93-103 I Ikeda, J. P., 273-274 Stallings, V. A., 200-206 Stunkard, A. J., 200-206 Jackson, L. W., 275-277 Suskind, R. M., 181-199, 292-294 Jacobson, M. S., 220-229 Sylvester, G. P., 107-114, 295-297 310 ANNALS NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Taren, D. L., 298-300 Wallace, W. J., 271-272, 289-291, Tobelmann, R. C., 250-252 301-303 Wattigney, W. A., 93-103 Udall Jr., J. N., 181-199, 292-294 Williams, C. L., xi-xii, 207-219 Williams, J. D., 107-114, 295-297 V^argas, A., 181-199 Vespa, H., 260-261, 262-264 von Almen, T. K., 181-199, 292-294 Zelman, M., 292-294 T