ANESTHESIOLOGY NOTICE Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experi- ence broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. ANESTHESIOLOGY Edited By: David E. Longnecker, MD, FRCA Robert D. Dripps Professor Emeritus Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania David L. Brown, MD Edward Rotan Distinguished Professor and Chairman Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas Mark F. Newman, MD Merel H. Harmel Professor and Chairman Department of Anesthesiology Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina Warren M. Zapol, MD Anesthetist-in-Chief Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Massachusetts General Hospital Reginald Jenney Professor of Anaesthesia Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Medical New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-159333-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-145984-7. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at