Andrew Taylor Still: 1828-1917 • Andrew Ta lor iliE ~S ~/'t~~ Carol Trowbndge THE THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY PRESS Northeast Missouri State University Kirksville, Missouri 1991 ©The ThomasJefferson Unillersity Press 1991 . NMSU LB 115 Kirksville, Missouri 63501 USA Allrights reserved. Printed in the United States ofAmerica. • \ For my husband, Bob Library ofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Trowbridge, Carol, 1939- Andrew TaylorStill: 1828-1917/ by Carol Trowbridge. p. em. Includes bibliographical references. Includes index. ISBN 0-943549-06-x I.Still,A.T. (AndrewTaylor), 1828-1917.2. Osteopaths-United States-Biography. 3. Osteopathy-History. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Still, A. T. (Andrew Taylor), 1828-1927. 2. Osteo pathicMedicine-biography.3.OsteopathicMedicine-history.WZ 100 S857T] RZ332.S85T76 1990 615S33'092-dc20 [B] DNLM/DLC for Library ofCongress 90-11307 CIP Composedand typesetbyTheThomasJeffersonUniversity Press atNortheastMissouri State University. Text is set in Bembo II 10/12. Printed by Edwards Bros., Inc., Ann Arbor, Mic~igan. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements ofthe American National Standard for Permanence ofPaperforPrinted Library Materials Z39.48, 1984. Contents • List of Illustrations Vln Acknowledgments lX Preface Xl PART 1 A FAMILYJOURNEY Chapter 1 Sons ofThunder 3 Chapter 2 A Howling Wilderness 24 Chapter 3 A Kansas Melodrama 41 PART 2 THE JOURNEY OF ANDREW TAYLOR STILL Chapter 4 A New Beginning 84 Chapter 5 A New Science 125 Chapter 6 The Old Doctor 155 ~ Appendix Andrew Taylor Still Family Album 199 Selected Bibliography 216 Index 225 List of Illustrations Acknowledgments I gratefully acknowledge the support of my colleagues at the Still National OsteopathicMuseumwho,withlittleoutsidehelp, haveestablished AndrewTaylorStill v. A. T. Still and Dr. William Smith 142 a lepository for this important slice of medical history. For the prompt attention to my numerous requests, I sincerely thank the staffat the A. T. Abram Still 2 Original ClassinOsteopathy.1892-93146 Still Memorial Library ofthe Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine Martha Poage Moore Still 6 A. T. Still's Infirmary 150 and the Kansas State Historical Society. Officials at Baker Universitywere James Moore'sJourney - A Prayer Infirmary Rule Card 153 alsohelpful and cordial, makingmytime theremoreeffective. LuanaQuick for Help 9 A. T. Still on Porch ofFirst School 154 and Marcie Murphy gave me courage with their constructive suggestions Mary Moore Reading the Bible 10 West Infirmary ofOsteopathy, Iowa 170 and kind words about an early version of the manuscript; the enthusiasm ofmy first typist, Dixie Baxley, gave me hope that others might find the Still Family Cabin 14 ASO Faculty. ca. 1899 172 book interesting. Mary Still Adams 25 A. T. Still Surgical Sanitarium, 1898 175 Two Stillfamily members, MaryJane Denslow audElizabeth Laughlin, GUllO'S Family Health Book 29 Students Taught X-Ray Diagnosis 177 supplied information upon request; more importantly, they conveyed a Indian Missions in Kansas 38 sense of the atmosphere-perhaps now gone-that pervaded the profession ASO Convention of1897 180 as it struggled to gain recognition and preserve the founder's philosophy. The Wakarusa Mission 43 A. T. Still at the Sol Morris farm, MaryJane is the granddaughter ofAndrewTaylorStill andwas the driving Lawrence, Kansas, 1854-55 50 Millard, Missouri 184 force behind the formation ofthe Still National Osteopathic Museum, as J. B. Abbott's Notebook 60 Mark Twain's ~tterto A. T. Still 191 well as a major contributor to its archives. Her late husband, J. Stedman J. B. Abbott 62 A. T. Still at age 85 195 Denslow, D.O., was active in osteopathic research. His work and his Bleeding Kansas 65 Death Notice 197 connections with leaders in the basic science fields were instrumental in securingthefirst governmeutresearchfunds forosteopathiccolleges.Elizabeth Brothers and Sisters ofAndrew Andrew Taylor Still 199 Laughlin, whose late husband George Andrew was a grandson of the ,tJ) Taylor Still 72 Mary Elvira Turner Still 201 founder and a highly respected osteopathic physician, shared the Still J. B. Abbott's Notebook 74 manuscripts in her possession. Without the full cooperation ofMaryJane Marusha Hale Still 202 BakerUniversity, 1858 80 and Elizabeth this book could not have been written. Elizabeth's extensive Charles Edward Still 204 Andrew Taylor Still 82 genealogical library and personal files on the Still family, along with the Mary Elvira Turner Still 87 Harry Mix Still 207 written recollections ofAndrewTaylorStill's sisters, MaryStill Adams and Certificate from Kansas State Militia 90 Herman Taylor Still 209 Marovia Still Clark, and Mary Elivra's niece, lone Hulett, D.O., inspired me to take a more comprehensive approach to the intellectual world of J.B. Abbott's Phrenological Chart 104 Fred Still 211 the nineteeth century that helped to shape Still's thinking. A. T. Still's Butter Churn Award 114 Martha Helen Blanche Still 213 No one has published a detailed biography of Andrew Taylor Still. A. T. Still, ca. 1875 130 Still Family D.O. Chart 215 His autobiography contains a general outline of his life and others have "LighteningBonesetter" Card 136 Still Family, ca. 1906 224 recorded intimate recollections ofhis behavior and character, but there are many gaps. Indeed, Still himself-although seeming eccentric and egotistical-dwelled more upon the actual philosophy ratherthan its origins or his personal travails. In a book that touches on so many fields of history, I am grateful to innumerable historians who have published theirresearch. Isincerelyappreci ate the critiques ofexperts in their fields: Dr. David March, who read the ix x ANDREW TAYLORSTILL manuscriptatvarious stages and gentlysteeredme toward historicalprecision. Preface and Dr. Connie HoltJones for her editorial suggestions, as well as readers who commented on early versions ofthe manuscript. Most ofall, I thank Dr. Robert Schnucker, who saw promise in my early manuscript and gave WHEN.IN1976,OURFAMILYMOVEDTOKIRKSVILLE,MISSOURI,thebirthplace guidance with his penetrating questions. . of osteopathic medicine, I knew nothing ofAndrew Taylor Still and his Finally, I thank my family, Bob, Carey, Rob, Diane, and Scott, for philosophy, nor about the osteopathic profession. I had known several their patience during the eight years from conceptlOn to .c~mpletlOn of D.G.s earlierandwas impressed by theirdesire to enter aprofession whose this book. Especially to my husband, Bob, for hlS uncondltlonal support credibilityin medical circles, until recently, hadbeen questioned. Through during the good moments and the bad, I am forever indebted. my exposure to osteopathicmedicine, myacquaintancewith manydedicated practicing D.O.s, and mywork in the Still National Osteopathic Museum, Carol Trowbridge Ibecame increasinglypuzzled about osteopathy's dubious standing because Visalia, California the philosophy seemed so reasonable. While attempting to understaod September, 1990 osteopathy, I became fascinated with the life ofits founder, his family, his philosophy and its origins, and nineteenth-century America in general. At 10:00 A.M. on June 22, 1874, an American physician, Andrew Taylor Still, experienced a life-changing revelation, one he believed could revolutionize nineteenth-centurymedicine. Ten years earlier, Still had lost threeofhis childrentocerebrospinalmeningitis, andwiththemallconfidence and hope in the medical therapy ofhis day. Emotionally wrought by grief , andintellectuallydisgustedwithtraditional medicine,Stillbecameobsessed with finding the cause and the cure for disease. In that hope he was not alone. Those were times of medical uncertainty. From the 1850s until the 1880s, the foundation ofthe system called heroic medicine was crumbling. Traditional drugs and techniques used by physicians since the 1770s were questioned: excessive bleeding, purging with massive. doses ofemetics and cathartics, use of stand-by drugs such as calomel or mercurous chloride. Many physicians turned to administering the addictive drugs of opium, ;Iii cocaine, and alcohol rather than continue with bleeding and purging. The safest therapy in those days seemed to be to do nothing. As the medical profession wallowed in a sea of therapeutic nihilism, a growing number ofphysicians urged areturn to a more conservative therapy that relied on the powers ofnature. Many were searching for a blueprint to bring order to themedical chaosand to onceandforall establish medicineasascientific discipline. Still's blueprint, founded firmly upon principles of the grand scientific theory ofhis day-evolution-came in thatJune flash ofinspiration. Years of thought, study, and experimentation followed before Still openedtheAmericanSchoolofOsteopathyin thefall of1892inKirksville, Missouri, asmall obscure town far removed from the centers oftraditional medicine. But distance from traditional medicine was exactly what Still had in mind. His graduates, at first called Diplomates ofOsteopathy, and later Doctors of Osteopathy (D.O.s), were to become the vanguard of a Xl xu ANDREW TAYLOR STILL PREFACExiii ongms of his philosophy. Most references to Still within the profession drugless revolution in medical philosophy and therapy. As the vanguard point to his eccentricity, to a man on the path ofsome gems oftruth, but of that revolution, they, like other medical pioneers who met with bitter certainly a radical. Outside the profession his image fares much worse. A opposition,struggledfor nearly acenturyagainstalmost incredible obstacles. recentreviewerofmedicalhistorycharacterizedhis ideas as"crazy." Others Based upon biological ptinciples and intimately tied to the structure 0rp'ore kindly view him as an eccentric quack isolated from the mainstream of the human organism, Still's philosophy of osteopathy was holistic and naturalistic, emphasizing health rather than disease. He believed that the medical thought. Mostly, Still is ignored. From 1874until 1892,ostracizedby his family and others, Stillwandered body was perfect. From this belief came four basic encompassing and the northeast Missouri countryside lecturing about his new science to interrelating principles: (1) the human body functions as a total biologic anyone who would listen. Dressed all in black, his trouser legs carelessly unit, (2) the body possesses self-healing and self-regulatory mechanisms, tucked into his knee high boots, and with a bag containing a complete set (3) structure and function are interrelated, and (4) abnormal pressure in of human bones flung over his shoulder, Still was indeed the picture of one part of the body produces abnormal pressures and strains upon other eccentricity. Later his stubborn reluctance to include traditional medicine parts of the body. Disregarding drugs, Still used a manipulative therapy in the curriculumofhis schoolwouldjustcompound this persistent image. designed to release the healing powers ofnature. This drugless revolution was effectivelysilencedonthepoliticalfront, andosteopathy'scontribution A lack of historical perspective does make Still appear strange and is an injustice to an insightful man whose ideas were at once a product of his to American medicine has been virtually ignored so that neither Andrew time and, in their practical applications, ahead of his time. Indeed, Still Taylor Still nor osteopathy have yet to be accorded their proper places in was on the cutting edge of nineteenth-century scientific thought and the formal annals ofAmerican medical tradition. Todaythe osteopathicprofessionis thrivingwithfifteen medicalschools philosophy. The drugless approach was radical (and one supposes it always mostlystatesupported. There are about thirty thousandAmerican physicians will be), but within the context of nineteenth-century medicine, "crazy" who enjoy full practice rights in medicine and surgery in all states and Still appears to have been one of the thoroughly sane physicians around. Even today, when many millions of dollars continue to finance drug territories,andwhotake the same nationalboardexaminationsfor licensure research, the future ofmedicine may lie in the very area Still emphasized, as M.D.s,' but this status has been attained relatively recently. Struggling the immune system of the body. to be accepted while retaining its uniqueness, the profession's story is AstatementbyRonaldG.WaltersinTheAllti-Slal'eryAppealencouraged dramatic. As the twentieth century draws to aclose, some observers (who future historians to discern what made reformers American rather than question the D.O.'s desire to remain independent), believe the profession what made them eccentric. That idea focused my research, taking me far is experiencing aserious identity crisis. For all practical purposes they have beyondwhat I originallyintended to do, and led to agreater understanding become medical doctors. ofStill and osteopathy. Manipulative therapy, once an indispensable part of the osteopaths' Thestoryofthis manandofhis medicalmovementisvirtuallyunknown practice, has been widely abandoned. Bending to overwhelming political to the majority ofAmericans, yet both are uniquelyAmerican. Still experi and socio-economic pressures to conform, and philosophically battered by ever-increasing discoveries of"miracle drugs," the D.O.s surrendered their enced the great Westward movement, the second Industrial Revolution, and the Scientific Awakening. He participated in the border warfare of uniqueness long ago. My initial effort to mesh the story ofAndrewTaylor BleedingKansasandsubsequentlyservedintheCivilWar. Moreimportant Still with that of the osteopathic profession proved to be like mixing oil to the story ofosteopathy, he was born the son ofAbram Still, a frontier andwater, for the D.O.s'recentsuccesscanbeattributedtotheiracceptance Methodist circuit rider, so that the Methodist doctrine of perfectionism ofpractices that its founder abhorred: drugs and conformance to medical permeates his philosophy, just as it permeated in some form or fashion curricula. Since the beginning, the battle to be recognized as "real" doctors has most of nineteenth-century American thought and activity. dominated the profession, overshadowing the story ofits founder and the Perfectionism, popularizedbytheEnglishfounder ofMethodism,John Wesley, meant a state ofholiness in which one devoted a heart and a life to God. Wesley believed that ultimate perfection was possible only after death, but he taught that since one's salvation was not predestined, the lAwcricall OsteopathicAssociatiofl Yearbook alldDirectoryofOsteopatlJicPh}'sicilillS(Chicago: process ofbecoming perfectedcould begin in this life. By simply declaring American Osteopathic Association, 1990), 501. The figures include all American D.O.'s in addition to those serving in the military, the U. S. Public Health Service, in Canada, and in one's faith and taking responsibility for one's own actions, a Methodist othet foreign countries. XIV ANDREW TAYLOR STILL could, step by step, move closer to perfection.'This theme ofMethodism which focused attention on improvement ofthe individual soul infiltrated secular nineteenth-century American institutions. Some philosophers expanded the concept ofperfectionism to what was perceived as the next logical step and asked: if God is perfect, how can anything He made, including humankind, be imperfect?'This was Still's position, but it was • a stance that ignored the need for-and the essence of-Wesley's doctrine of perfectionism: the theological concept of original sin. Because of his move away from the Methodist evangelism of his childhood, Still, like many others of his era who accepted the theory of evolution, was to experience serious emotional trauma. Still's world was never the same after he found himselfmore attuned to the thinking oftranscendentalists. Universalists, spiritualists,mesmerists, andphrenologists-allofwhomspearheaded movementsbased onahuman Part One: centeredworld operating undernatural laws. Their ideas vibrated throughout nineteenth-centuryAmerican thought andpaved thewayfor the acceptance A FamilyJourney ofthe theory ofevolution.'Although osteopathywas born on the frontier, Still drew from the swift-flowing intellectual ideas of the nineteenth century. formulating his science from phrenology, mesmerism or magnetic healing, bonesetting, spiritualism, perfectionism. mechanics, andevolutionary concepts. As Still's story can be best understood by placing him in the world of his times, the first patt of this book is about the Still family environment. The second part picks up Still's personal story. to show as closely as possible the choices open to him during those times. 2Leo George Cox,lollll Wesley's COflccptofPerfeetiollism (Kansas City: Beacon Hill Press, 1968).72-75. JSee Ronald G. Walters, American Reformers, 1815-1860 (New York: Wang and Hill, 1978),145-46. "These movements and their connection with the theory ofevolution have not been adequately explored by historians. Martin Gardner,"Bumpson the Head,"Nell' York RCl'iew ofBooks35no.8(March 17,1988):8-10,reviewedPseudo-Sciencea"dSociet)'illNineteelltIJ-Celltllry America,ed. ArthurWrobel, (Lexington: UniversityPressofKentucky, 1987).In his review, Gardnerquestions the contributors'sympatheticleanings toward the pseudo-sciencesand the men who championed them. He also decried the omission from the book of the "crazy doctrinesofAndrewStill"andPalmer'schiropractic.Atthesametimeandinthesamebreath, the reviewerwished that the contributors hadaddressed the"ignorantattacks onevolution," clearly indicating that he and many others are unaware ofthe intimate relationship between theso-calledpseudosciences,theoriginsofosteopathy,chiropractic,andevolutionaryphilosophy. "Bumps on the Head," Nell' York Rel/iew ofBooks 34 no. 8 (March 17, 1988): 8-10. 2 ANDREW TAYLOR STILL CHAPTER 1 1 Sons of Thunder • I rcsolpcd that I would take lip thesubject alldascertaill IJr ilwcstigatioll . whether it could be prO/lell as stated lJ)'i:(le gray-headed sages ofthe p"lpit, t!Jat the !/Iorks ofGod /IIould prolle His pcrjcetioll. A. T. Still I WHENABRAM ANDMARTHASTILLDIED,asegmentofAmerican history died with them. Abram and Martha were the parents of Andrew Taylor Still. Abram was one ofthose "sages ofthe pulpit," an old-time Methodist preacher; Martha was a pioneer woman who went with her husband to every outpost despite the danger, the remoteness, or her own reluctance. Although Andrew would later turn away from organized religion, from Methodism he inherited an aversion to alcohol and slavery, an interest in education, and a Wesleyan approach to medicine that emphasized health rather than disease. Andrew lived in an environment emotionally charged with evangelism and he-perhaps more than others- was instilled with the visions and responsibilities of reform. AcolleaguedescribedAbram'ssermons as "plain,pointed andpractical.'" No higher compliment could be paid to a frontier Methodist minister, for the Methodists of that day did not consider "plain" in any sense to mean dull: they practiced a zealous style ofreligion and devotion to soul-saving that-on the surfaceatleast-wouldbebarelyrecognizable to thedenomination today. Methodist preachers ofAbram's day dressed in somber black; their steely eyes were uncompromising in the face of any evil, and they posed afonnidable presence intheirlawless surroundings on theAmericanfrontier. Abram and his fellow preachers were characterized as "sons of thunder"] for their fire-and-brimstone preaching, their frightening descriptions of hell, and their colorful interpretations ofthe Day ofJudgment. Imaginary thunderand lightening crashedviolentlyabout theiroutdoorcamp meeting pulpits when they battled the Devil and the forces of evil in a forested setting, eerily lighted by flickering pine knot torches. Their self-taught vocabulary conjured up such hair-raising images that many children would ABRAM STILL wer~ f~re Early Methodist circuit riders charact.eri.zed as "sons of thu.nder" for .tlH',ir ,and brimstone preaching, thcir frightcnlng descnpnons ofhell, ?nd the~rcolorful II1tcrpre.tanons IA. T. Still, Allto/liogmphy(Kirksville, Mo.: By the Author, 1897), 319. oftheDayofJudgment,BecauseofAbram,AndrewTaylorSnll'scnVlronmentwasc~~tlO~lally 2Joseph Dennison,"Mcmoirs, Rev, A. Still," AI/Ill/Illi\1iuHtesoftheKl1IlStlS CO/lfac/lcc, AI. charged with evangelism that instilled in him, perhaps ~ore,than ~,thers, the VISIOns and E. Church, 1868,28-29. responsibilities ofreform. (Photo courtesy Kansas State l-hstoncal Sonety) IWilliamBrownlow Posey,TheDel'rloplllCllt(!(Aletfwdismi,1theOldSOl/thwest, 178.3-1824 (Philadelphia: Methodist Hook Concern, 1933), 23. 4 ANDREW TAYLOR STILL CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 SONS OF THUNDER 5 never again experience a storm without the Day ofJudgment flashing was no deterrent to the circuitrider; acommonadagewas"thereis nothing through their minds:'Although their sermons vibrated with the wrath of out today but crows and Methodist preachers.""It mattered little to these God,Methodism'sunderlyingthemewas one ofhope, love, andbrotherhood. Methodists that they were called "deluded fanatics" by most of the pious By the time Abram began his itinerant ministry, Methodism, with its settlers (who happened to be Presbyterian) or the rest (who were godless).' democratic doctrine, organizational structure, and masterful use of the Poor sinners were stalked relentlessly. camp meeting, was the largest Protestant denomination in America. • The circuit riders' lonely ride to isolatedsettlements tookthem through Abram was probably converted to Christianity during one ofthe early forests abounding with wild animals. When a Tazewell resident died in nineteenth-century camp meetings when he lived in Tennessee. There, as 1850, it was reported that he had killed more than twelve hundred bears in Kentucky and throughout the mountains ofAppalachia, camp-meeting during his lifetime. Abram Still, on his less worldly hunt, carriedweapons fervorwas most intense. According to afamily legend among the survlvmg ofa different sort: Bibles, books, hymnals, andJohn Milton's works which scraps of Still family history, Abram's father Boaz was a Scotch-Irish circuit riders frequently used as ahandy reference for vivid descriptions of frontiersman who married Mary Lyda, of Dutch descent. Boaz was a hell-fire.10 slaveholder who liked whiskey, race horses, and wagering on fighting In Tazewell Abram met his future wife, Martha Poage Moore. The cocks;5 his sinful activities surely made him a prime target for frontier Moores were Methodists and undoubtedly their isolated cabin in Abb's Methodist preachers. One can only imagine the conversations betw~en Valley was a haven for preachers assigned to the remote and rugged Mary Lyda and Boaz about the morality ofhis hobbies. Although nothm.g Tazewell Circuit. Early settlers, like Martha's grandfather, CaptainJames more is known ofBoaz and Mary or their religious feelings, two oftheir Moore III, were of hardy Scotch-Irish and German stock. Jeffersonian fifteen children, Abram and Elijah, became Methodist circuit riders. , Democratsatfirst. theycame to embraceJacksonianDemocracyso strongly In 1818 Abram was assigned to the Tazewell Circuit in southwestern that the older men continued to vote for Andrew Jackson long after his Virginia,part ofaregioncalledtheHolston.Surroundedbyloftymountains, name had disappeared from the presidential ballot.II Because Tazewell Holston cut across state lines at various places to include portions of County was located on the old Indian road from the Ohio River to the Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. The Western settlements, thesettlers'family talesweresteepedintragic leir~ends boundaries ofTazewellCountystretched to encompass nearly three thousand ofbloody Indian massacres, tortures, and captivities.12IndependentScotch square miles from mountaintop to mountaintop, through narrow gaps and Irishfrontiersmen establishedtheadvance outpostsintheAmericanwilder valleys, and across crystal clear rivers roaring in their inevitable rush to ness. Between 1730 and 1770, a half-million Scotch-Irish emigrated from the Ohio River. Mineral springs spurted from the depths ofthe earth and Ulster. Most settled first in Pennsylvania and then migrated into the the entire county was blanketed in a virtual garden of medicinal plants." Appalachian Mountains to act as a buffer of defense against the Indians, Before the county was organized in 1800, even voting was averitable with little help from the government. Before 1794 these pioneers were in endurance test. for many ofthe settlers had to cross four large mountains constant conflict, particularly with the Shawnees, whose former home and and forge unpredictable streams to get to the nearest polls.' Voting was hunting grounds the settlers had recently come to occupy. Advertisements easier when Abram began his ministry in Tazewell, but travehng the in early frontier newspapers that sought information about relatives and winding mountainous trails inweather that could changewithoutwarning was a daily peril. Fickle winds blew through the valleys; in the higher elevations the winters were particularly severe. After snowstorms, when the mountains were shroudedin asilentwhite haze. thepicturesquecircuit riderandhis horseemergedonthe horizonas aghostly silhouette. Weather HPosey, DCl'elopmcllt ofMcthodism, 36, ')Faronepioneercircuitrider'sdescription,seeD.R.McAnualy,LifcalldTimesofRcllcrend 4Gwcral History ojMacon COUllt)'(Chicago: Henry Taylor and Co., 1910), 154. S. Pattoll, D.C., alld Anllals ofthe Holstoll CO/yermct.' (St, Louis:, Methodist Book Concern, SLetterfromOtharMcCleanofPasoRobles,CaliforniatoMaryJaneLaughlinDenslow, 1859). 33. February 27, 1978, Still National Osteopathic Museum, Kirksville, Missouri. WEIHs Merton Coulter, William G. Brownloll': Fi,~htillg Parsoll ojthe SOUtilCrtJ H(~hla"ds I>LewisPrestonSummers,Anlllll~'ojSOJlthwestVirgillia, 1769-1800, (1929; rpt.Baltimore: (Chapel Hill: Universiry ofNorth Carolina Press, 1937),9, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1970), 2:434-49. llPendleton,Hist0t), ofTazel/lell COlillty, 1:520. 7W. C. Pendleton, Pcndletoll's Hist0t}' ojTazcwell COlillty a"d Southwest Vir,~inia, 2vols, 11See Summers, Allnals, and James Moore Brown and Robert Bell Woodroth, The (Richmond, Va.: W. C. Hill Printing Co, 1922), 1:520. Captives ojAbb's Valler, (Staunton, Va.: McClure Co., 1942), for accounts ofthis story,