Expanding Design Design in communal endeavours Space(s) Andrea Botero Expanding design space(s) Design in communal endeavours Andrea Botero Aalto University publication series doctoral dissertations 85/2013 Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Media Aalto arts Books Helsinki books.aalto.fi © Andrea Botero Graphic design: Nina Kajavo Language editing: Hilal Jamal Photographs: by members of the research group Paper: Munken Pure 120g and Munken Pure 300g Typeface: Arnhem isbn 978-952-60-5173-4 isbn 978-952-60-5174-1 (pdf) issn-l 1799-4934 issn 1799-4934 issn 1799-4942 (pdf) Thesis supervisors: Professor Pelle Ehn Professor Sampsa Hyysalo Preliminary examiners: Dr. Mark Hartswood, University of Edinburgh, uk Dr. Per-Anders Hillgren, Malmö University, Sweden Opponent: Dr. Monika Büscher, Lancaster University, uk Printed in Unigrafia Helsinki 2013 Acknowledgements My understanding of the joys and perils of design through a communal endeavours lens comes from insights gained in a variety of communal en- deavours I have engaged in with the complicity, passion, and love of Teemu, Luna, and Stella. I cannot begin to express how much I have learned from them. The intellectual interest in the themes I elaborated in this work is rooted in the learning possibilities with which two woman have provided me. Anita Weisman’s course on Industrial Sociology at the National Uni- versity of Colombia, and Lucy Suchman’s seminar on Work Practice and Technology at the University of Oslo. I am very grateful to these women. My supervisors Pelle Ehn and Sampsa Hyysalo have been generous both with their time and knowledge. Pelle’s approach to design has been a constant source of inspiration to me. I am grateful to him for agreeing to be my supervisor without quite understanding where I wanted to go. He posed important and timely questions and forced me to think through my choices. I am indebted to Sampsa for the best academic writing learn- ing experience I have had and for taking on the feat of teaching me how to turn my work into a dissertation. He also gets the prize for providing the most detailed and constructive feedback ever. All doctoral students should be so lucky. My academic home for the past years has been the disparate and enthu- siastic community of Arki research group at Media Lab Helsinki. There, my third mentor Kari-Hans Kommonen, our research group director, has been a key piece in my journey. He provided funding, books and ideas plenty. I am grateful to all past and current members of the group. I could not have done this without the brains, muscles, and warm hearts of Joanna 4 expanding design space(s) – design in communal endeavours Saad-Sulonen, Sanna Marttila, and Mariana Salgado. They have worked on projects with me and shared in my struggle as we wrote proposals and articles, and grappled with much more. Aside from reading and comment- ing on every aspect of this manuscript, they have fed my children and me, and they have embraced me at times when I needed it the most. I was for- tunate to collaborate with Roman Suzi, Mika Myller, and Eirik Fatland in the design and production of the prototypes used in this research. It was a pleasure and intellectual challenge. I am very grateful to Maria Koskijoki, Taina Rajanti, and Iina Oilinki, who, through joint work, assisted me by shedding some light on the workings of the anthropological and the so- ciological imagination. My Thesis pre-examiners Mark Hartswood and Per-Anders Hillgren deserve recognition for their very careful readings of the manuscript, for pointing out to me the many ways in which it could be interpreted, and for the important suggestions they gave me to move my work forward beyond the dissertation. I am extremely happy that Monika Büscher has agreed to act as the opponent. I very much look forward to hearing her comments. I want to express my deepest gratitude to those whose day-to-day input gave meaning to this journey. The Active Seniors association believed in the project and was willing to experiment with us. Eila, Sirkka, Marja-Liisa, Riita, Tuula, Jorma, Paavo, and all other active seniors and residents of Loppukiri endured our fiddling with their endeavours and honoured my many requests. Many residents and activists of the Arabianranta neigh- bourhood, as well as some open-minded officials in different departments of Helsinki City, contributed their time and ideas to my work. For someone who was raised and educated in the periphery of the ma- jority world (Colombia) and ended up designing and doing research in the periphery of the hyper-developed world (Finland), it has been essen- tial to confront and test ideas widely. I am grateful for the opportunities to discuss my work and spend some time with: Merryl Ford at Meraka In- stitute in South Africa, Lawrence Lessig at Stanford University in Califor- nia, and Shin Mizukoshi at Tokyo University in Japan. Cesar Peña, Aydee Ospina, and Jaime Franky trusted me and helped open doors for me so that I could speak at the Andes University and at the National University in Bogota ¡Gracias mil! Towards the end of this journey, Maria Fernanda Olarte and Tania Bustos invited me to their reading circle on thinking with care; I can’t thank them enough for that opportunity. Penny Hagen’s re-reading of my work has helped me understand it bet- ter. Even though I don’t know her personally, Lucy Kimbel’s work has had acknowledgements 5 a very similar effect. Bo Westerlund’s research has been a good stepping- stone. Without Aaron Schartz’s python wizardry and general cleverness, many things would have been out of place. I have also benefited from re- ceiving thoughtful comments on the manuscript from my dear friends Tuukka Tammi, Pauliina Seppälä, Olga Goriunova, Katja Battarbee, Hans Poldoja and David de Los Reyes. I owe them tons of chocolate for their clev- er thoughts, suggestions for improvements, and the afternoons of good laughs. My peers and colleagues at the doctoral program in Media Lab have provided interesting challenges. Andrew Patterson, especially, kept me company in the metaphorical delivery room of this book, our shared office on the 3rd floor. In our department, Lily Diaz, Mauri Kaipanen, and Timo Honkela all had their turns providing me with guidance. Phillip Dean, the “big boss”, has made many things possible, and Pekka Salonen has kept things running. Hilal Jamal, Nina Kajavo and Sanna Tyyri-Pohjonen worked with me to turn a flat dissertation into what to me looks like a proper book. Thank you! Nothing gets very far without a good start or long term commitments. This research has had just that thanks to Hector, Maria Eugenia, Carolina and Sandra Botero Cabrera. They have not only been there for me always, but also they have concretely contributed ideas, words, and criticism to all aspects of my work. In particular, Sandra has disentangled my broken English arguments so many times that she deserves a bit of heaven. To my extended family in Bogotá and in Tampere, my friends here (Carolina, Paola, Eliana) and there and my lovely neighbours (Raquel and Andrea), thanks for the hugs, the spiritual support, and the occasional child care. Thanks to Pippuri for companionship. I am almost done; I cannot believe it. GRACIAS! Andrea, Kallio, May 3rd 2013 Abstract The present research inquires into the contemporary shapes and strate- gies of situated and participatory perspectives on design. It proposes a re-conception of the notion of design space to capture the wider interplay of possibilities, practices, and partly assembled technologies, as well as developing competencies and social arrangements that are the basis for ongoing design choices. In so doing, this work looks at the arrangements that evolved at the intersection of two design research engagements. The first engagement deals with the life project of an association of seniors developing an alter- native housing arrangement with its related growing-old-together prac- tices. In particular, the first case study draws on a mutual journey to de- sign and develop what the community refers to as their everyday life man- agement system or Miina, which helps them coordinate their daily joint practices. The second engagement looks at forms of active citizenship in the interactions of citizens both with each other and with officials in the city administration as these interactions are enacted through locative technologies. In this case, the research takes advantage of the collabora- tive design process for an online platform service, namely Urban Media- tor, for sharing locative media content about the urban environment. The research highlights aspects that are relevant to the development of design approaches which do not only deal with designers and their de- sign processes, but which can also deal with how both the things under- going design and the design process itself are simultaneously embedded in existing everyday life arrangements. Drawing on work from different fields, especially Design Research and Science and Technology Studies, the design space framework introduced herein elaborates nuanced navi- gational aids for long term design engagement. The main purpose of this framework is to help recognize the inescapability of confronting collec- tive design spaces and the relevance and potential that their explicit con- struction as collaborative endeavours can have in particular settings. Original Articles I Botero, A., Kommonen, K.-H., Oilinki, I., & Koskijoki, M. (2003). Co-Design- ing Visions, Uses, and Applications. In Electronic Proceedings of the 5th International Conference of the European Academy of Design. Techne- Desing Wisdom, Barcelona, Spain: European Academy of Design / Univer- sidad de Barcelona. II Botero, A., & Saad-Sulonen, J. (2008). Co-designing for New City-citizen Interaction Possibilities: Weaving Prototypes and Interventions in the De- sign and Development of Urban Mediator. In J. Simonsen, T. Robertson, & D. Hakken (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Participatory Design Conference pdc08 (pp. 266–269). Bloomington, Indiana, usa: cpsr/acm. III Botero, A., & Kommonen, K.-H. (2009). Coordinating Everyday Life: the De- sign of Practices and Tools in the Life Project of a Group of Active Seniors. In Proceedings of the cost 298 Conference: The Good, the Bad and the Chal- lenging (Vol. II, pp. 736 – 745). Slovenia: abs-Center and cost 298 Action. IV Botero, A., & Saad-Sulonen, J. (2010). Enhancing Citizenship: the Role of In-between Infrastructures. In T. Robertson, K. Bødker, T. Bratteiq, & D. Loi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Participatory Design Conference pdc10 (pp. 81–90). Sydney, Australia: acm. V Botero, A., & Hyysalo, S. (2013). Ageing Together: Steps Towards Evolution- ary Co-design in Everyday Practices. CoDesign, 9(1), 37–54. VI Botero, A., Kommonen, K.-H., & Marttila, S. (2010). Expanding Design Space: Design-In-Use Activities and Strategies. In D. Durling, R. Bousbaci, L.-L. Chen, P. Gauthier, T. Poldma, S. Roworth-Stokes, & E. Stolterman (Eds.), Design & Complexity: Design Research Society International Conference (p. 18). Montreal, Canada: drs. Table of Contents Abstract    6 Original Articles    7 1. Introduction   10 1.1. Design-in-use, progress made   15 1.2. From workplaces to communal endeavours   18 1.3. Focus of the research   24 Presenting the articles   28 Outline of main contributions   33 2. Situating design   36 2.1. Use before use   38 Using (ucd)   40 Participating (pd)   43 2.2. Design after design   46 Evolving   50 2.3. Understanding a Design Space   54 3. Research design, cases, and methods   62 3.1. Research design   63 3.1. Cases: activities and materials   66 Loppukiri co-housing community and Miina   66 Citizens, city officials and Urban Mediator   70 3.2. Methods and analysis   73 4. Expanding design space(s)   78 4.1. Design space   84 4.2. Design time-space   96 4.3. Design things-space  103 Conclusions  106 References  112 Articles  122