RICHARD MILES Ancient Worlds The Search for the Origins of Western Civilization PENGUIN BOOKS Contents List of Maps List of Illustrations Introduction PART 1 Revolution: The First Cities   I Mesopotamia: From Clans to the Earliest Empire  II Egypt: A Glittering One-o�? III Civilizations for Export PART 2 The End of the Bronze Age and its Aftermath   I Bronze Age Systems Failure: Catastrophe and the Sea Peoples  II The Rise of the Middleman: The Phoenicians III The Assyrians: Shock and Awe in Assur IV The Rediscovery of Greece PART 3 Ancient Greece: The Tyranny of Freedom   I Words and Iron: The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece  II Sparta and Athens: Fossilized Eunomia and Appeasing the Demos III Persian Wars IV The Golden Age of Athens and the Desolation of Greece PART 4 Age of Kingship: Alexander and the Hellenistic Age   I The Retreat to Kingship: The Rise of Macedon  II The Alexander Enigma III The Hellenistic Kings: Picking up the Pieces PART 5 The Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic   I Early Rome: A Meteoric Rise  II ‘Carthage Must Be Destroyed!’ III Empire and the End of the Republic PART 6 Empire   I Restoring Rome: Virtue Regained, Freedom Lost  II The Building Blocks of Empire III In the Name of the Cross: Christianizing the Roman Empire Concluding Thoughts Acknowledgements Sources of Quotations PENGUIN BOOKS ANCIENT WORLDS Richard Miles is the author of Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization. He teaches classics at the University of Sydney and was previously a Newton Trust Lecturer in the Faculty of Classics and Fellow and Director of Studies at Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge. He has written widely on Punic, Roman and Vandal North Africa and has directed archaeological excavations in Carthage and Rome. Ancient Worlds was written to accompany his highly acclaimed six-part television series of the same name, �rst shown on BBC2. For Maisie, Jessamy and Gabriel, with all my love List of Maps 1.   The Ancient Near East 2.   Ancient Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean 3.   Trade in the Mediterranean 4.   The Assyrian Empire 5.   Ancient Greece 6.   The Persian Empire, c. 500 BC 7.   Greek and Phoenician Colonies 8.   Alexander’s Conquests 9.   The Hellenistic Kingdoms, c. 275 BC 10. Early Rome 11. The Western Mediterranean, c. 200 BC, and Hannibal’s Campaigns 12. The Roman Empire, 60 BC 13. The Roman Empire under Trajan List of Illustrations 1.   Lion-hunt stele (National Museum of Iraq, Baghdad/Photographer: Tim Kirby) 2.   Statue from Bassetki (National Museum of Iraq, Baghdad/Photographer: Tim Kirby) 3.   Royal standard of Ur (© The Trustees of the British Museum) 4.   Victory stele of Naram-Sin (Louvre/Bridgeman Art Library) 5.   Ram-headed sphinxes (Photographer: Tim Kirby) 6.   Columns in the Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak (Photographer: Tim Kirby) 7.   Tablets from Kanesh (Photographer: Tim Kirby) 8.   Lion Gate, Mycenae (Photographer: Tim Kirby) 9.   Fresco from Mycenae (Photographer: Tim Kirby) 10. Lion-hunt scene (© The Trustees of the British Museum) 11. Votive o�erings, National Archaeological Museum, Beirut (Philippe Maillard/akg-images) 12. Temple of Obelisks (Photographer: Chris O’Donnell) 13. Striding lion, Ishtar Gate (Istanbul National Archaeological Museum/Photographer: Tim Kirby) 14. Papyrus fragment (UC 1354 Recto) (Courtesy of the Center for the Tebtunis Papyri, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley) 15. Kouros (Kerameikos Museum, Athens/Photographer: Tim Kirby) 16. Riace bronze A (National Museum, Reggia Calabria/Erich Lessing/akg- images) 17. Dipylon funerary urn (© Gustavo Tomsich/Corbis) 18. Gri�n head (Archaeological Museum of Olympia/Photographer: Tim Kirby) 19. Corinthian helmet (Archaeological Museum of Olympia/Photographer: Tim Kirby) 20. Peisistratos’ bodyguards (Kerameikos Museum, Athens/Photographer: Tim Kirby) 21. Persepolis (© Michele Falzone/JAI/Corbis) 22. Leonidas statue (Museum of Classical Antiquity, Sparta/John Hios/akg- images) 23. Hemlock pots (Agora Museum, Athens/Photographer: Tim Kirby) 24. Apamea (Photographer: Tim Kirby) 25. Bust of Alexander (© The Trustees of the British Museum) 26. Temple of Amun (© VascoPlanet, http://www.vascoplanet.com) 27. Alexandrian glass vase (© Thierry Ollivier/Musêe Guimet/Getty Images) 28. Demetrius I’s tetradrachm (© The Trustees of the British Museum) 29. Roman paperweight (© Lawrence Manning /Corbis) 30. Carthaginian pendants (National Museum of Carthage, Tunisia/© Charles & Josette Lenars/Corbis) 31. Punic and Roman transport amphorae, Lilybaeum (Marsala Museum, Sicily/Photographer: Chris O’Donnell) 32. Bust of Hannibal (The Quirinale, Rome/© Bettmann/Corbis) 33. Funerary monument from Lilybaeum (Marsala Museum, Sicily/Photographer: Chris O’Donnell) 34. Tomb of the Scipios (© Araldo de Luca/Corbis) 35. Bust of Pompey the Great (© Burstein Collection/Corbis) 36. Temple of Mars Ultor, Rome (© Angelo Hornak/Corbis) 37. Cameo of Augustus (National Archaeological Museum, Naples/Alinari/The Bridgeman Art Library) 38. The Capitol, Dougga (© Franck Guiziou/Hemis/Corbis) 39. Hunting scene, Palmyra (Palmyra Museum/Photographer: Chris O’Donnell) 40. Legionaries �ghting, Trajan’s Column (© Vittoriano Rastelli/Corbis)