Title Pages Ancient Egypt: State and Society Alan B. Lloyd Print publication date: 2014 Print ISBN-13: 9780199286188 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2015 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199286188.001.0001 Title Pages (p.i) Ancient Egypt (p.ii) (p.iii) Ancient Egypt (p.iv) Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Alan B. Lloyd 2014 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2014 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. 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Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2013957451 ISBN 978–0–19–928618–8 (Hbk) 978–0–19–928619–5 (Pbk) Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Dedication Ancient Egypt: State and Society Alan B. Lloyd Print publication date: 2014 Print ISBN-13: 9780199286188 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2015 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199286188.001.0001 Dedication (p.v) In memoriam Patricia Elizabeth Lloyd 1941–2012 uxoris amatissimae ᾥσπερ εἔἴ τις τὸ ἔαρ ἐκ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐξέλοι (p.vi) Acknowledgements Ancient Egypt: State and Society Alan B. Lloyd Print publication date: 2014 Print ISBN-13: 9780199286188 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2015 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199286188.001.0001 (p.vii) Acknowledgements I should like to express my deepest gratitude to the following colleagues who all read chapters of this book at various stages in their preparation: Professor Joseph Manning, Professor Anthony Spalinger, Professor David Wengrow, Dr Aidan Dodson, Dr Juan Carlos Moreno García, Dr Robert Morkot, Dr Joan Padgham, Dr Richard Parkinson, Dr Ian Shaw, and Dr Kasia Szpakowska. Their advice and guidance made significant improvements to my efforts, but any remaining deficiencies should be regarded as entirely my responsibility. I benefited from much assistance in assembling the images used in this book and am heavily indebted to Professor Béatrix Midant-Reynes, Dr Steve Vinson, Dr Renée Friedman, Mr W. V. Davies, Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, Oriental Institute Chicago, British Museum Images, Egypt Exploration Society, l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, Taylor & Francis Books UK, Osprey Publishing, John Wiley & Sons, the Bodleian Library, and the National Trust. I should also like to thank The Picture Desk (Art Archive), Scala Archives, Erich Lessing Culture and Fine Arts Archives, Superstock, and Art Resource, New York, for supplying high-quality images for this publication, and Anna Ratcliffe of Swansea University for invaluable assistance in the production of maps. I should also like to thank the following for permission to use translations or other printed material from works published by them: Cambridge University Press; Dr Richard Parkinson, The Griffith Institute; Holt, Rinehart, & Winston; Oxford University Press; Pearson Education (for Heinemann); Professor John Baines; Professor Roger Bagnall; Routledge; Sheil Land Associates Ltd (extract from Firing Line by Richard Holmes, copyright 1985 by Richard Holmes, reproduced by permission); Stanford University Press; University of California Press; and University of Chicago Press. Every effort has been made to ensure that copyright has been safeguarded, but any deficiencies in this respect should be addressed to the publisher. Finally, it gives me particular pleasure to acknowledge the patience and expertise of Hilary O’Shea, Taryn Das Neves, Acknowledgements Annie Rose, Kizzy Taylor-Richelieu, and Sylvie Jaffrey, my editors at Oxford University Press, who have done so much to make this long-drawn-out project a practical proposition. All translations of Egyptian and Classical texts are mine, except where explicitly stated to the contrary. (p.viii) List of Colour Plates Ancient Egypt: State and Society Alan B. Lloyd Print publication date: 2014 Print ISBN-13: 9780199286188 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2015 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199286188.001.0001 (p.xi) List of Colour Plates 1.Tomb of Djehutyhotep II, el-Bersha. West wall of the tomb chapel. Painting of the original by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson, early–mid nineteenth century. Bodleian Library MS. Wilkinson dep.a.17, fos. 12–13. With the permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, and the National Trust. 2a. Tomb of Paheri, Elkab. West wall of the chapel, south end. Courtesy W. V. Davies. 2b. Tomb of Paheri, Elkab. West wall of the chapel, north end. Courtesy W. V. Davies. 3a. Nebamun hunting in the marshes, from the tomb of Nebamun, Western Thebes, now in the British Museum. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. 3b. Banquet scene from the tomb of Nebamun, Western Thebes, now in the British Museum. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. 4.Tomb of Sennedjem, Deir el-Medina. East wall. ©De Agostini/ SuperStock. (p.xii) List of Illustrations Ancient Egypt: State and Society Alan B. Lloyd Print publication date: 2014 Print ISBN-13: 9780199286188 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2015 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199286188.001.0001 (p.xiii) List of Illustrations 1.1. Main sites of Pharaonic Egypt. After Lloyd (ed.) 2010c: map 1. Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons. 6 2.1. Prehistoric cultures of the Nile Valley and deserts: major sites. 29 2.2. Main sites of Prehistoric Egypt. After Wengrow 2006: p. xxi. By permission of Cambridge University Press. 30 2.3. The Gebel el-Araq knife handle, Musée du Louvre. After Adams and Ciałowicz 1997: fig. 38. By permission of Osprey Publishing. 41 2.4. The Prehistoric site at Hierakonpolis. Courtesy of the Hierakonpolis Expedition. 43 2.5. Reconstruction of the Pillared Hall structure 07 in the elite cemetery at HK6, probably a funerary chapel. Drawing by Claire Thorne. Courtesy of the Hierakonpolis Expedition. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. 47 2.6. Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis, drawing. From Kemp 2006, ©2006 Routledge. Reproduced by permission of Taylor & Francis Books UK. 47 2.7. The Narmer Palette, Cairo Museum. H. 63 cm. After Wengrow 2006: figs 2.1 and 2.2. By permission of Cambridge University Press. 51 2.8. The Scorpion Macehead, limestone, from Hierakonpolis, now in the Ashmolean Museum (AN1896–1908.E3632). After Spencer 1993: 56 (36). ©The Trustees of the British Museum. 61 2.9. The Cities Palette, Cairo Museum. H. 18.5 cm. After Midant-Reynes 2000: fig. 21. Courtesy Midant-Reynes. 62 3.1. Seated diorite statue of Khafre from his pyramid complex at Giza, Cairo Museum. H. 160 cm. ©2012 DeAgostini Picture Library/Scala, Florence. 75 3.2. Black granite statue of Amenemhet III. Luxor Museum. ©Erich Lessing. 76 List of Illustrations 3.3. The lunette at the top of the Piye (Piankhi) stele. After Grimal 1981: pl. V. ©IFAO. 79 3.4. First Dynasty jar sealing containing a king list of rulers of the dynasty. After Spencer 1993: 63 (43). ©The Trustees of the British Museum. 92 4.1. The Near East during the New Kingdom. After Shaw (ed.) 2000: 233. By permission of Oxford University Press. 100 4.2. The Battle of Kadesh. After Spalinger 2005: map 5. Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons. 110 4.3. The Battle of Megiddo. After Breasted 1909: map 4. 113 4.4. The fortress sites of Lower Nubia. Drawing by Anna Ratcliffe. 122 4.5. The Middle Kingdom fortress of Semna West at the Second Cataract. After Clarke 1916: pl. XXXI. Courtesy of the EES. 123 (p.xiv) 4.6. The west gate area of the Middle Kingdom fortress of Buhen. After Emery 1979: pl. XI. Courtesy of the EES. 124 4.7. The Lausanne stele. After Masson and Yoyotte 1956: 21 (13). ©IFAO. 127 5.1. Akhenaten and Nefertiti at a Window of Appearance in el-Amarna. After Davies 1903–8: II. Courtesy of the EES. 140 6.1. The basin system of irrigation. Drawing by Lloyd. 175 6.2. Making a papyrus raft. After Blackman 1915: pl. IV. Courtesy of the EES. 198 6.3. Tomb of Ipuy. Scene showing the brick-like style used in building wooden boats. Facsimile of a scene in his tomb at Thebes, Paris, College de France. ©White Images/Scala, Florence. 199 6.4. The structure of the hull of the Khufu boat: 1. Mortise and tenon system joining planks; 2. Slots for rope bindings; 3. Cross thwarts; 4. Hogging beam; 5. Stanchions supporting the hogging beam and lashed to a passive frame; 6. Side shelf; 7. Lower shelf; 8. Battens sealing joints in planks. After Landström 1970: 29. 200 6.5. A seagoing ship represented in the mortuary complex of Sahure. After Vinson 1994: 13. Courtesy of Vinson. 201 7.1. The Continuum of Being. Drawing by Lloyd. 209 7.2. The structure of an Egyptian tomb as depicted in the Eighteenth Dynasty funerary papyrus of Nebked, Musée du Louvre. Drawing after Naville 1886: i. pl. IV. 223 7.3. The structure of the cosmos according to the Greenfield Papyrus. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. 229 8.1. The structure of the Egyptian temple. After Quirke and Spencer (eds) 1992: 161 (124). ©The Trustees of the British Museum. 260 8.2. The colossi of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel. Courtesy of The Art Archive. Gianni Dagli Orti. 262 List of Illustrations 8.3. North wall of the temple of Medinet Habu. Ramesses III defeats the Sea Peoples. After The Epigraphic Survey 1930: pl. 36. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 263 8.4. Representation of the deceased Amenhotep I from the Twentieth Dynasty tomb of Kynebu, now in the British Museum. ©The Trustees of the British Museum. 265 8.5. Akhenaten and family represented in Amarna style. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. H. 105 cm. ©Erich Lessing. 270 8.6. Fifth Dynasty sycamore-wood statue of Kaaper (Sheikh el-Beled), Egyptian Museum, Cairo. H. 112 cm. Courtesy of The Art Archive. Giannin Dagli Orti. 273 9.1. Main sites of Graeco-Roman Egypt. After Lloyd (ed.) 2010c: map 2. Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons. 284 9.2. The Early Hellenistic World. After Shaw (ed.) 2000: 398. By permission of Oxford University Press. 289 List of Abbreviations Ancient Egypt: State and Society Alan B. Lloyd Print publication date: 2014 Print ISBN-13: 9780199286188 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2015 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199286188.001.0001 (p.xv) List of Abbreviations ÄF Ägyptologische Forschungen BAR British Archaeological Reports BAR J. H. Breasted 1906–7. Ancient Records of Egypt. 6 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press BdE Bibliothèque d’étude BIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale CdE Chronique d’Egypte EES Egypt Exploration Society GM Göttinger Miszellen. Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion IFAO l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JEOL Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Genootschap (Gezelschap) ‘Ex Oriente Lux’ JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient