AC-Almnc.V2.tpgs 10/28/99 3:36 PM Page 1 Ancient Civilizations Almanac AC-Almnc.V1tpgs 10/28/99 3:34 PM Page 3 E1Egypt–India M U L O V Ancient Civilizations Almanac Judson Knight Stacy A. McConnell and Lawrence W. Baker, Editors AC-Almnc.V2.tpgs 10/28/99 3:36 PM Page 3 E2China–Rome M U L O V Ancient Civilizations Almanac Judson Knight Stacy A. McConnell and Lawrence W. Baker, Editors AncAlm.FM.qxp 11/5/1999 1:13 PM Page iv Judson Knight c a Staff n Stacy A. McConnell, Lawrence W. Baker, U•X•L Editors a Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor m Tom Romig, U•X•L Publisher l Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer A Evi Seoud, AssistantProduction Manager Mary Beth Trimper, Composition Manager : s Margaret A. Chamberlain, Permissions Specialist (pictures) n o Martha Schiebold and Michelle DiMercurio, Senior Cover Art Directors i Pamela A.E. Galbreath, Senior Page Art Director t Cynthia Baldwin, Product Design Manager a Barbara J. Yarrow, Graphic Services Supervisor z i Linda Mahoney, LM Design, Typesetting l i v Front cover: (top photo) The Parthenon. Reproduced by permission of i Susan D. Rock. (bottom photo) Terra cotta statues from the tomb of C Shih-huang-ti. Reproduced by permission of AP/Wide World Photos. t n Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data e Knight, Judson i c Ancient Civilizations: Almanac / Judson Knight; edited by Stacy A. n McConnell and Lawrence W. Baker p. cm. A Includes biographical references and index. Summary: Provides historical information and interpretation on ancient civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, China, Africa, Israel, and elsewhere. ISBN 0-7876-3982-6 (set), —- ISBN 0-7876-3983-4 (v. 1). —- ISBN 0-7876-3894-2 (v. 2); Civilization, Ancient-Juvenile literature. 2. Civilization, Ancient-Miscellanea-Juvenile literature. [1. Civilization, Ancient.] I. McConnell, Stacy A. II. Title CB311 .K594 1999 930-dc21 99-046791 [B]-DC21 CIP This publication is a creative work copyrighted by U•X•L and fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2000 U•X•L, an imprint of the Gale Group All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 iv AncAlm.FM.qxp 11/5/1999 1:13 PM Page v To Tyler, from her ancient daddy; and to Deidre, from her modern husband. AncAlm.FM.qxp 11/5/1999 1:13 PM Page vii Contents Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Words to Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Research and Activity Ideas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii Egyptian workers depicted on a frieze. (Archive Photos. Reproduced by permission.) Volume 1 Chapter 1: Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 2: Mesopotamia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Chapter 3: Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Chapter 4: Phoenicia, Syria, and Arabia . . . . . . . . 117 Chapter 5: Asia Minor and the Black Sea Region . . . 137 vii AncAlm.FM.qxp 11/5/1999 1:13 PM Page viii Chapter 6: Persia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Chapter 7: India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Volume 2 Chapter 8: China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Chapter 9: The Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Chapter 10: Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Chapter 11: Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Chapter 12: Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlix Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liii viii Ancient Civilizations: Almanac AncAlm.FM.qxp 11/5/1999 1:13 PM Page ix Advisory Board Special thanks are due to U•X•L’s Ancient Civilizations Ref- erence Library advisors for their invaluable comments and suggestions: • Jonathan Betz-Zall, Children’s Librarian, Sno-Isle Regional Library, Edmonds, Washington • Nancy Guidry, Young Adult Librarian, Santa Monica Pub- lic Library, Santa Monica, California • Karen Shugrue, Junior High Media Specialist, Agawam Junior High School, Feeding Hills, Massachusetts. ix AncAlm.FM.qxp 11/5/1999 1:13 PM Page xi Reader’s Guide Reader’s Guide Civilization in its purest form is universal, something available to all people. The wisdom that went into the build- ing of the Egyptian pyramids, the creation of Greek democ- racy, or the construction of the Mesoamerican metropolis Teotihuacán does not belong to any race or nation: it is a part of the human legacy, something all people can appreciate regardless of their heritage. Ancient Civilizations: Almanac focuses on twelve civilizations and cultures, beginning with the ancient Egyptians and covering the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, the Shang of China, the Olmec of the Americas, and the Minoan of ancient Greece, among others, and con- cludes with the rise and fall in A.D.476 of the Roman Empire. While concentrating on each culture’s unique history and cus- toms, Ancient Civilizations: Almanac also highlights the simi- larities between cultures that existed thousands of years—and sometimes thousands of miles—apart from each other. Arranged into chapters by geographic region, Ancient Civilizations: Almanacfeatures more than 110 black-and-white photographs that help bring the civilizations to life. Maps in xi AncAlm.FM.qxp 11/5/1999 1:13 PM Page xii each chapter place the civilization in a geographic context as well as highlight landmarks relating to that civilization. Numerous sidebar boxes provide lists of words to know or in- depth coverage of topics of high interest, such as the legacy of Saharan rock art. Cross references point the user to related information, while a “For More Information” section con- cludes each chapter. Ancient Civilizations: Almanacalso features a glossary of terms used throughout the volumes, a timeline containing significant milestones from each civilization, and an index covering the people, places, and events discussed throughout Ancient Civilizations: Almanac. Comments and Suggestions We welcome your comments on Ancient Civilizations: Almanac,as well as your suggestions for persons to be featured in future editions. Please write, Editors, Ancient Civilizations: Almanac, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington Hills, Michi- gan, 48331-3535; call toll-free: 1-800-877-4253; fax to 248- 414-5043; or send e-mail via http://www.galegroup.com. xii Ancient Civilizations:Almanac