by Janet Rae-Dupree and Pat DuPree Anatomy & Physiology Workbook FOR DUMmIES ‰ by Janet Rae-Dupree and Pat DuPree Anatomy & Physiology Workbook FOR DUMmIES ‰ Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600. 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Library of Congress Control Number: 2007932378 ISBN: 978-0-470-16932-2 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the Authors Janet Rae-Dupree has been covering science and technology in Silicon Valley since 1993 for a number of publications, including U.S. News & World Report, BusinessWeek, the San Jose Mercury News, and the Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal. She was a frequent guest on cable channel Tech TV’s “Silicon Spin” technology talk show, and she was part of the Pulitzer Prize-winning team at the Los Angeles Times covering the city’s riots in 1992. During the 2005–2006 academic year, Janet was a John S. Knight Journalism Fellow at Stanford University, where she studied human biology and researched innovation and market transfer. She freelances for various publications, working from her home in Half Moon Bay, California, where she lives with husband, Dave Dupree, and their 9-year-old son, Matthew (although a 19-year-old calico cat named Trillian actually rules the roost). Pat DuPree taught anatomy/physiology, biology, medical terminology, and environmental science for 24 years at several colleges and universities in Los Angeles County. She holds two undergraduate life science degrees and a master’s degree from Auburn University and con- ducted cancer research at Southern Research Institute in Birmingham, Alabama, before join- ing the Muscogee Health Department in Columbus, Georgia. In 1970, she moved to Redondo Beach, California, where she was a university instructor and raised her two sons, Dave Dupree and Mark DuPree. Now Pat is retired and lives on lovely Pine Lake in rural Georgia with her husband, Dr. James E. DuPree. Dedication To our loving family — Dave Dupree, Matthew Dupree, and Jim DuPree — for their patience and understanding as we pulled this book together and put so many other aspects of our lives on hold. To Dave, for being Mr. Fix-It on balky hard drives, recalcitrant computers, and fussy printers; for distracting an antsy 8-year-old with baseball, movies, and games; and for concocting terrific — and healthy! — home-cooked meals. To Matthew, for understanding why Mommy couldn’t drive for every school field trip, attend every Cub Scout den meeting, or set up play dates every single day of the week. And especially from Pat to Jim for his love, enthusiastic support, assistance, and encourage- ment without which she could not have finished this workbook. Authors’ Acknowledgments We owe gratitude to so many people, but this project has been first and foremost a DuPree family affair. We will never be able to thank our spouses enough for their patience and under- standing from beginning to end. Dr. James E. DuPree was a constant helpmate to Pat on the East coast, providing research, editing, computer assistance, and graphics support as well as priceless cheerleading and enthusiasm. Their son David E. Dupree filled the cheerleader role on the West coast, keeping the computers and home network up and running, Janet focused and on track, and the gaping child-rearing gaps filled while she pushed to get the book done in what surely must be record time. And we can’t forget to thank son/grandson Matthew J. Dupree for his stalwart patience while Mom and Grandmom focused their attentions on the book instead of him. We would also like to thank our agent, Matt Wagner, for his tireless efforts, as well as the many devoted people at Wiley Publishing, particularly Stacy Kennedy, Chrissy Guthrie (who welcomed Sophia Rose Guthrie into the world days after receiving the final manuscript!), Stephen Clark, and Elizabeth Rea. Publisher’s Acknowledgments We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/. Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following: Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Senior Project Editor: Christina Guthrie Project Editor: Stephen R. Clark Acquisitions Editor: Stacy Kennedy Senior Copy Editor: Elizabeth Rea Technical Editor: Michael W. Pratt, PC Editorial Manager: Christine Meloy Beck Editorial Assistants: Erin Calligan Mooney, Joe Niesen Cover Photos: © Robin Lynne Gibson/Riser/Getty Images Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com) Composition Services Project Coordinator: Patrick Redmond Layout and Graphics: Stacie Brooks, Carrie A. Cesavice, Denny Hager, Stephanie D. Jumper, Julie Trippetti, Erin Zeltner Special Art: Kathryn Born, M.A. Anniversary Logo Design: Richard Pacifico Proofreaders: Broccoli Information Management, Cynthia Fields, John Greenough Indexer: Sherry Massey Publishing and Editorial for Consumer Dummies Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher, Consumer Dummies Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director, Consumer Dummies Kristin A. Cocks, Product Development Director, Consumer Dummies Michael Spring, Vice President and Publisher, Travel Kelly Regan, Editorial Director, Travel Publishing for Technology Dummies Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher, Dummies Technology/General User Composition Services Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services Contents at a Glance Introduction.................................................................................1 Part I: Building Blocks of the Body ...............................................5 Chapter 1: The Chemistry of Life ...............................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: The Cell: Life’s Basic Building Block.....................................................................................23 Chapter 3: Divide and Conquer: Cellular Mitosis...................................................................................37 Chapter 4: The Study of Tissues: Histology............................................................................................47 Part II: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin.................59 Chapter 5: A Scaffold to Build On: The Skeleton....................................................................................61 Chapter 6: Getting in Gear: The Muscles.................................................................................................93 Chapter 7: It’s Skin Deep: The Integumentary System.........................................................................113 Part III: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport ............................127 Chapter 8: Oxygenating the Machine: The Respiratory System ........................................................129 Chapter 9: Fueling the Functions: The Digestive System....................................................................143 Chapter 10: Spreading the Love: The Circulatory System ..................................................................163 Chapter 11: Keeping Up Your Defenses: The Lymphatic System.......................................................181 Chapter 12: Filtering Out the Junk: The Urinary System.....................................................................195 Part IV: Survival of the Species .................................................205 Chapter 13: Why Ask Y?: The Male Reproductive System..................................................................207 Chapter 14: Carrying Life Forward: The Female Reproductive System ............................................219 Part V: Mission Control: All Systems Go .....................................235 Chapter 15: Feeling Jumpy: The Nervous System................................................................................237 Chapter 16: Raging Hormones: The Endocrine System.......................................................................265 Part VI: The Part of Tens...........................................................281 Chapter 17: Ten Study Tips.....................................................................................................................283 Chapter 18: Ten (Plus One) Terrific Online Resources........................................................................287 Index.......................................................................................291 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................1 About This Book.........................................................................................................................1 Conventions Used in This Book ...............................................................................................1 Foolish Assumptions .................................................................................................................2 How This Book Is Organized.....................................................................................................2 Part I: Building Blocks of the Body ................................................................................2 Part II: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin...............................................2 Part III: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport ..............................................................3 Part IV: Survival of the Species.......................................................................................3 Part V: Mission Control: All Systems Go........................................................................3 Part VI: The Part of Tens .................................................................................................3 Icons Used in This Book............................................................................................................3 Where to Go from Here..............................................................................................................4 Part I: Building Blocks of the Body ................................................5 Chapter 1: The Chemistry of Life..........................................................................................7 Building from Scratch: Atoms and Elements..........................................................................7 Compounding Chemical Reactions........................................................................................10 Cycling through Life: Metabolism..........................................................................................15 Answers to Questions on Life’s Chemistry...........................................................................21 Chapter 2: The Cell: Life’s Basic Building Block ............................................................23 Gaining Admission: The Cell Membrane...............................................................................23 Aiming for the Nucleus............................................................................................................26 Looking Inside: Organelles and Their Functions..................................................................27 Putting Together New Proteins ..............................................................................................31 Cycling Along: Grow, Rest, Divide, Die ..................................................................................33 Answers to Questions on the Cell..........................................................................................35 Chapter 3: Divide and Conquer: Cellular Mitosis ...........................................................37 The Mitotic Process.................................................................................................................37 Waiting for action: Interphase ......................................................................................38 Sorting out the parts: Prophase ...................................................................................38 Dividing at the equator: Metaphase.............................................................................38 Packing up to move out: Anaphase..............................................................................38 Pinching off: Telophase .................................................................................................39 Splitting up: Cytokinesis................................................................................................39 What Can Go Wrong.................................................................................................................42 Answers to Questions on Mitosis ..........................................................................................44 Chapter 4: The Study of Tissues: Histology......................................................................47 Getting Under Your Skin..........................................................................................................47 Making a Connection: Connective Tissue.............................................................................50 Flexing It: Muscle Tissue .........................................................................................................53 Getting the Signal Across: Nerve Tissue ...............................................................................54 Answers to Questions on Histology ......................................................................................56 Part II: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin .................59 Chapter 5: A Scaffold to Build On: The Skeleton............................................................61 Understanding Dem Bones .....................................................................................................61 Boning Up on Classifications, Structures, and Ossification ...............................................63 Axial Skeleton: Keeping It All in Line .....................................................................................69 Making a hard head harder...........................................................................................69 Putting your backbones into it.....................................................................................70 Appendicular Skeleton: Reaching Beyond Our Girdles.......................................................79 Arthrology: Articulating the Joints........................................................................................82 Answers to Questions on the Skeleton .................................................................................87 Chapter 6: Getting in Gear: The Muscles .........................................................................93 Flexing Your Muscle Knowledge ............................................................................................93 Classifications: Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal.....................................................................95 Contracting for a Contraction ................................................................................................97 Pulling Together: Muscles as Organs.....................................................................................99 Assuming the Right Tone ......................................................................................................100 Leveraging Muscular Power .................................................................................................101 What’s In a Name? Identifying Muscles...............................................................................104 Answers to Questions on Muscles.......................................................................................109 Chapter 7: It’s Skin Deep: The Integumentary System .................................................113 Dermatology Down Deep ......................................................................................................113 Epidermis: Don’t judge this book by its cover .........................................................114 Dermis: It’s more than skin deep................................................................................115 Touching a Nerve in the Integumentary System................................................................119 Accessorizing with Hair, Nails, and Glands ........................................................................120 Wigging out about hair ................................................................................................120 Nailing the fingers and toes ........................................................................................121 Sweating the details .....................................................................................................121 Getting an earful ...........................................................................................................122 Answers to Questions on the Skin.......................................................................................125 Part III: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport .............................127 Chapter 8: Oxygenating the Machine: The Respiratory System ................................129 Breathing In Oxygen, Breathing Out CO2 ............................................................................129 Inhaling the Basics about the Respiratory Tract...............................................................132 Knowing about the nose (and sinuses).....................................................................132 Dealing with throaty matters......................................................................................134 Going deep inside the lungs........................................................................................137 Damaging Air ..........................................................................................................................139 Answers to Questions on the Respiratory System............................................................141 Chapter 9: Fueling the Functions: The Digestive System............................................143 Digesting the Basics: It’s Alimentary! ..................................................................................143 Nothing to Spit At: Into the Mouth and Past the Teeth.....................................................145 Entering the vestibule..................................................................................................146 Moving along the oral cavity ......................................................................................147 The tongue...........................................................................................................147 The salivary glands ............................................................................................148 Stomaching the Body’s Fuel..................................................................................................151 viii Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies