A n a t o m y & P h y s i o l o g y Wo r k b o o k FOR DUMmIES‰ by Janet Rae-Dupree and Pat DuPree Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600. 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Library of Congress Control Number: 2007932378 ISBN: 978-0-470-16932-2 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the Authors Janet Rae-Dupreehas been covering science and technology in Silicon Valley since 1993 for a number of publications, including U.S. News & World Report,BusinessWeek,the San Jose Mercury News,and the Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal.She was a frequent guest on cable channel Tech TV’s “Silicon Spin” technology talk show, and she was part of the Pulitzer Prize-winning team at the Los Angeles Times covering the city’s riots in 1992. During the 2005–2006 academic year, Janet was a John S. Knight Journalism Fellow at Stanford University, where she studied human biology and researched innovation and market transfer. She freelances for various publications, working from her home in Half Moon Bay, California, where she lives with husband, Dave Dupree, and their 9-year-old son, Matthew (although a 19-year-old calico cat named Trillian actually rules the roost). Pat DuPreetaught anatomy/physiology, biology, medical terminology, and environmental science for 24 years at several colleges and universities in Los Angeles County. She holds two undergraduate life science degrees and a master’s degree from Auburn University and con- ducted cancer research at Southern Research Institute in Birmingham, Alabama, before join- ing the Muscogee Health Department in Columbus, Georgia. In 1970, she moved to Redondo Beach, California, where she was a university instructor and raised her two sons, Dave Dupree and Mark DuPree. Now Pat is retired and lives on lovely Pine Lake in rural Georgia with her husband, Dr. James E. DuPree. Dedication To our loving family — Dave Dupree, Matthew Dupree, and Jim DuPree — for their patience and understanding as we pulled this book together and put so many other aspects of our lives on hold. To Dave, for being Mr. Fix-It on balky hard drives, recalcitrant computers, and fussy printers; for distracting an antsy 8-year-old with baseball, movies, and games; and for concocting terrific — and healthy! — home-cooked meals. To Matthew, for understanding why Mommy couldn’t drive for every school field trip, attend every Cub Scout den meeting, or set up play dates every single day of the week. And especially from Pat to Jim for his love, enthusiastic support, assistance, and encourage- ment without which she could not have finished this workbook. Authors’ Acknowledgments We owe gratitude to so many people, but this project has been first and foremost a DuPree family affair. We will never be able to thank our spouses enough for their patience and under- standing from beginning to end. Dr. James E. DuPree was a constant helpmate to Pat on the East coast, providing research, editing, computer assistance, and graphics support as well as priceless cheerleading and enthusiasm. Their son David E. Dupree filled the cheerleader role on the West coast, keeping the computers and home network up and running, Janet focused and on track, and the gaping child-rearing gaps filled while she pushed to get the book done in what surely must be record time. And we can’t forget to thank son/grandson Matthew J. Dupree for his stalwart patience while Mom and Grandmom focused their attentions on the book instead of him. We would also like to thank our agent, Matt Wagner, for his tireless efforts, as well as the many devoted people at Wiley Publishing, particularly Stacy Kennedy, Chrissy Guthrie (who welcomed Sophia Rose Guthrie into the world days after receiving the final manuscript!), Stephen Clark, and Elizabeth Rea. Publisher’s Acknowledgments We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/. Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following: Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Composition Services Senior Project Editor:Christina Guthrie Project Coordinator: Patrick Redmond Project Editor:Stephen R. Clark Layout and Graphics: Stacie Brooks, Carrie A. Cesavice, Denny Hager, Stephanie D. Jumper, Julie Trippetti, Acquisitions Editor:Stacy Kennedy Erin Zeltner Senior Copy Editor:Elizabeth Rea Special Art: Kathryn Born, M.A. Technical Editor: Michael W. Pratt, PC Anniversary Logo Design:Richard Pacifico Editorial Manager: Christine Meloy Beck Proofreaders: Broccoli Information Management, Editorial Assistants:Erin Calligan Mooney, Joe Niesen Cynthia Fields, John Greenough Cover Photos:© Robin Lynne Gibson/Riser/Getty Images Indexer: Sherry Massey Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com) Publishing and Editorial for Consumer Dummies Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher, Consumer Dummies Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director, Consumer Dummies Kristin A. Cocks, Product Development Director, Consumer Dummies Michael Spring, Vice President and Publisher, Travel Kelly Regan,Editorial Director, Travel Publishing for Technology Dummies Andy Cummings,Vice President and Publisher, Dummies Technology/General User Composition Services Gerry Fahey,Vice President of Production Services Debbie Stailey,Director of Composition Services Contents at a Glance Introduction.................................................................................1 Part I: Building Blocks of the Body ...............................................5 Chapter 1: The Chemistry of Life...............................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: The Cell: Life’s Basic Building Block.....................................................................................23 Chapter 3: Divide and Conquer: Cellular Mitosis...................................................................................37 Chapter 4: The Study of Tissues: Histology............................................................................................47 Part II: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin.................59 Chapter 5: A Scaffold to Build On: The Skeleton....................................................................................61 Chapter 6: Getting in Gear: The Muscles.................................................................................................93 Chapter 7: It’s Skin Deep: The Integumentary System.........................................................................113 Part III: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport ............................127 Chapter 8: Oxygenating the Machine: The Respiratory System........................................................129 Chapter 9: Fueling the Functions: The Digestive System....................................................................143 Chapter 10: Spreading the Love: The Circulatory System..................................................................163 Chapter 11: Keeping Up Your Defenses: The Lymphatic System.......................................................181 Chapter 12: Filtering Out the Junk: The Urinary System.....................................................................195 Part IV: Survival of the Species.................................................205 Chapter 13: Why Ask Y?: The Male Reproductive System..................................................................207 Chapter 14: Carrying Life Forward: The Female Reproductive System............................................219 Part V: Mission Control: All Systems Go.....................................235 Chapter 15: Feeling Jumpy: The Nervous System................................................................................237 Chapter 16: Raging Hormones: The Endocrine System.......................................................................265 Part VI: The Part of Tens...........................................................281 Chapter 17: Ten Study Tips.....................................................................................................................283 Chapter 18: Ten (Plus One) Terrific Online Resources........................................................................287 Index.......................................................................................291 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................1 About This Book.........................................................................................................................1 Conventions Used in This Book...............................................................................................1 Foolish Assumptions.................................................................................................................2 How This Book Is Organized.....................................................................................................2 Part I: Building Blocks of the Body................................................................................2 Part II: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin...............................................2 Part III: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport..............................................................3 Part IV: Survival of the Species.......................................................................................3 Part V: Mission Control: All Systems Go........................................................................3 Part VI: The Part of Tens.................................................................................................3 Icons Used in This Book............................................................................................................3 Where to Go from Here..............................................................................................................4 Part I: Building Blocks of the Body................................................5 Chapter 1: The Chemistry of Life..........................................................................................7 Building from Scratch: Atoms and Elements..........................................................................7 Compounding Chemical Reactions........................................................................................10 Cycling through Life: Metabolism..........................................................................................15 Answers to Questions on Life’s Chemistry...........................................................................21 Chapter 2: The Cell: Life’s Basic Building Block............................................................23 Gaining Admission: The Cell Membrane...............................................................................23 Aiming for the Nucleus............................................................................................................26 Looking Inside: Organelles and Their Functions..................................................................27 Putting Together New Proteins..............................................................................................31 Cycling Along: Grow, Rest, Divide, Die..................................................................................33 Answers to Questions on the Cell..........................................................................................35 Chapter 3: Divide and Conquer: Cellular Mitosis...........................................................37 The Mitotic Process.................................................................................................................37 Waiting for action: Interphase......................................................................................38 Sorting out the parts: Prophase...................................................................................38 Dividing at the equator: Metaphase.............................................................................38 Packing up to move out: Anaphase..............................................................................38 Pinching off: Telophase.................................................................................................39 Splitting up: Cytokinesis................................................................................................39 What Can Go Wrong.................................................................................................................42 Answers to Questions on Mitosis..........................................................................................44 Chapter 4: The Study of Tissues: Histology......................................................................47 Getting Under Your Skin..........................................................................................................47 Making a Connection: Connective Tissue.............................................................................50 Flexing It: Muscle Tissue.........................................................................................................53 Getting the Signal Across: Nerve Tissue...............................................................................54 Answers to Questions on Histology......................................................................................56 viii Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies Part II: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin .................59 Chapter 5: A Scaffold to Build On: The Skeleton............................................................61 Understanding Dem Bones.....................................................................................................61 Boning Up on Classifications, Structures, and Ossification...............................................63 Axial Skeleton: Keeping It All in Line.....................................................................................69 Making a hard head harder...........................................................................................69 Putting your backbones into it.....................................................................................70 Appendicular Skeleton: Reaching Beyond Our Girdles.......................................................79 Arthrology: Articulating the Joints........................................................................................82 Answers to Questions on the Skeleton.................................................................................87 Chapter 6: Getting in Gear: The Muscles.........................................................................93 Flexing Your Muscle Knowledge............................................................................................93 Classifications: Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal.....................................................................95 Contracting for a Contraction................................................................................................97 Pulling Together: Muscles as Organs.....................................................................................99 Assuming the Right Tone......................................................................................................100 Leveraging Muscular Power.................................................................................................101 What’s In a Name? Identifying Muscles...............................................................................104 Answers to Questions on Muscles.......................................................................................109 Chapter 7: It’s Skin Deep: The Integumentary System.................................................113 Dermatology Down Deep......................................................................................................113 Epidermis: Don’t judge this book by its cover.........................................................114 Dermis: It’s more than skin deep................................................................................115 Touching a Nerve in the Integumentary System................................................................119 Accessorizing with Hair, Nails, and Glands........................................................................120 Wigging out about hair................................................................................................120 Nailing the fingers and toes........................................................................................121 Sweating the details.....................................................................................................121 Getting an earful...........................................................................................................122 Answers to Questions on the Skin.......................................................................................125 Part III: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport.............................127 Chapter 8: Oxygenating the Machine: The Respiratory System................................129 Breathing In Oxygen, Breathing Out CO ............................................................................129 2 Inhaling the Basics about the Respiratory Tract...............................................................132 Knowing about the nose (and sinuses).....................................................................132 Dealing with throaty matters......................................................................................134 Going deep inside the lungs........................................................................................137 Damaging Air..........................................................................................................................139 Answers to Questions on the Respiratory System............................................................141 Chapter 9: Fueling the Functions: The Digestive System............................................143 Digesting the Basics: It’s Alimentary!..................................................................................143 Nothing to Spit At: Into the Mouth and Past the Teeth.....................................................145 Entering the vestibule..................................................................................................146 Moving along the oral cavity......................................................................................147 The tongue...........................................................................................................147 The salivary glands............................................................................................148 Stomaching the Body’s Fuel..................................................................................................151 ix Table of Contents Breaking Down the Work of Digestive Enzymes.................................................................154 Small intestine..............................................................................................................154 Liver...............................................................................................................................155 Pancreas........................................................................................................................156 Large intestine..............................................................................................................157 Answers to Questions on the Digestive Tract....................................................................159 Chapter 10: Spreading the Love: The Circulatory System...........................................163 Moving to the Beat of a Pump..............................................................................................163 Finding the Key to the Heart’s Chambers...........................................................................166 The atria........................................................................................................................166 The ventricles...............................................................................................................167 Conducting the Heart’s Music..............................................................................................170 Riding the Network of Blood Vessels...................................................................................172 Beating from the Start: Fetal Circulation.............................................................................174 Answers to Questions on the Circulatory System.............................................................178 Chapter 11: Keeping Up Your Defenses: The Lymphatic System...............................181 Duct, Duct, Lymph.................................................................................................................181 Poking at the Nodes...............................................................................................................184 Having a Spleen-ded Time with the Lymphatic Organs....................................................187 The spleen.....................................................................................................................188 T cell central: The thymus gland................................................................................188 Opening wide and moving along: The tonsils and Peyer’s patches.......................189 Answers to Questions on the Lymphatic System..............................................................192 Chapter 12: Filtering Out the Junk: The Urinary System..............................................195 Examining the Kidneys, the Body’s Filters.........................................................................195 Going molecular...........................................................................................................196 Focusing on filtering....................................................................................................196 Getting Rid of the Waste........................................................................................................199 Surfing the ureters........................................................................................................199 Ballooning the bladder................................................................................................199 The male and female urethras....................................................................................199 Spelling Relief: Urination.......................................................................................................201 Answers to Questions on the Urinary System...................................................................203 Part IV: Survival of the Species..................................................205 Chapter 13: Why Ask Y?: The Male Reproductive System..........................................207 Identifying the Parts of the Male Reproductive System....................................................207 Packaging the Chromosomes for Delivery..........................................................................211 Answers to Questions on the Male Reproductive System................................................217 Chapter 14: Carrying Life Forward: The Female Reproductive System....................219 Identifying the Female Reproductive Parts and Their Functions....................................219 Making Eggs: A Mite More Meiosis......................................................................................224 Making Babies: An Introduction to Embryology................................................................226 Growing from Fetus to Baby.................................................................................................227 Growing, Changing, and Aging..............................................................................................229 Answers to Questions on the Female Reproductive System............................................231 x Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies Part V: Mission Control: All Systems Go......................................235 Chapter 15: Feeling Jumpy: The Nervous System.........................................................237 Building from Basics: Neurons, Nerves, Impulses, Synapses...........................................238 Neurons.........................................................................................................................238 Nerves............................................................................................................................239 Impulses........................................................................................................................240 Synapses........................................................................................................................241 Minding the Central Nervous System and the Brain.........................................................243 Spinal cord....................................................................................................................244 Brain...............................................................................................................................245 Medulla oblongata..............................................................................................245 Pons......................................................................................................................245 Midbrain..............................................................................................................245 Cerebellum..........................................................................................................246 Diencephalon......................................................................................................246 Cerebrum.............................................................................................................246 Medulla................................................................................................................247 Ventricles.............................................................................................................247 Taking Side Streets: The Peripheral Nervous System.......................................................251 Keep Breathing: The Autonomic Nervous System.............................................................253 Coming To Your Senses.........................................................................................................255 Eyes................................................................................................................................256 Ears................................................................................................................................256 Answers to Questions on the Nervous System..................................................................261 Chapter 16: Raging Hormones: The Endocrine System................................................265 No Bland Glands.....................................................................................................................265 Mastering the Ringmasters...................................................................................................267 Supporting Cast of Glandular Characters...........................................................................270 Topping off the kidneys: The adrenal glands............................................................270 Thriving with the thyroid............................................................................................271 Pairing up with the parathyroid.................................................................................271 Pinging the pineal gland..............................................................................................271 Thumping the thymus.................................................................................................271 Pressing the pancreas..................................................................................................272 Dealing with Stress: Homeostasis........................................................................................274 Answers to Questions on the Endocrine System...............................................................277 Part VI: The Part of Tens ...........................................................281 Chapter 17: Ten Study Tips................................................................................................283 Chapter 18: Ten (Plus One) Terrific Online Resources.................................................287 Index .......................................................................................291 Introduction W hether your aim is to become a physical therapist or a pharmacist, a doctor or an acupuncturist, a nutritionist or a personal trainer, a registered nurse or a paramedic, a parent or simply a healthy human being — your efforts have to be based on a good under- standing of anatomy and physiology. But knowing that the knee bone connects to the thigh bone (or does it?) is just the tip of the iceberg. In Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies,you discover intricacies that will leave you agog with wonder. The human body is a miraculous biological machine capable of growing, interacting with the world, and even reproducing despite any number of environmental odds stacked against it. Understanding how the body’s interlaced systems accomplish these feats requires a close look at every- thing from chemistry to structural mechanics. Early anatomists relied on dissections to study the human body, which is why the Greek word anatomiameans “to cut up or dissect.” Anatomical references have been found in Egypt dating back to 1600 BC, but it was the Greeks — Hippocrates, in particular — who first dissected bodies for medical study around 420 BC. That’s why more than two millennia later we still use words based on Greek and Latin roots to identify anatomical structures. That’s also part of the reason so much of the study of anatomy and physiology feels like learning a foreign language. Truth be told, you areworking with a foreign language, but it’s the language of you and the one body you’re ever going to have. About This Book This workbook isn’t meant to replace a textbook, and it’s certainly not meant to replace going to an actual anatomy and physiology class. It works best as a supplement to your ongoing education and as a study aid in prepping for exams. That’s why we give you insight into what your instructor most likely will emphasize as you move from one body system or structure to the next. Your coursework most likely will cover things in a different order than we’ve chosen for this book. We encourage you to take full advantage of the table of contents and the index to find the material addressed in your class. Whatever you do, certainly don’t feel obligated to go through this workbook in any particular order. However, please do answer the practice ques- tions and check the answers at the end of each chapter because, in addition to answers, we clarify why the right answer is the right answer and why the other answers are incorrect; wealso provide you with memory tools and other tips whenever possible. Conventions Used in This Book Half the battle of studying anatomy and physiology is getting comfortable with the jargon. To help you navigate through this book, we use the following typographical conventions: (cid:1)Italicsare used for emphasis and to highlight new words or terms that are defined in the text. (cid:1)Boldfaceis used to indicate keywords in bulleted lists or the action parts of numbered steps. (cid:1)Monofontis used for Web site addresses.