& Anatomy Physiology AN INTEGRATIVE 3e APPROACH Michael P. McKinley Glendale Community College Valerie Dean O’Loughlin Indiana University Theresa Stouter Bidle Hagerstown Community College Digital Author Justin York Glendale Community College mck98625_FM_i-xxxii.indd 1 14/11/17 6:56 pm ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH, THIRD EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2016 and 2013. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18 ISBN 978-1-259-39862-9 MHID 1-259-39862-5 Managing Director: Thomas Timp Portfolio Manager: Amy Reed Product Developer: Donna Nemmers Director of Digital Content: Michael G. Koot, Ph.D Marketing Manager: James Connely Content Project Managers: Jessica Portz, Brent dela Cruz, and Sandra Schnee Buyer: Sandy Ludovissy Design: David W. Hash Content Licensing Specialist: Lori Hancock Cover Image: ©shironosov/iStock/Getty Images Plus Compositor: MPS Limited All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McKinley, Michael P., author. | O'Loughlin, Valerie Dean, author. | Bidle, Theresa Stouter, author. Anatomy & physiology : an integrative approach / Michael P. McKinley, Glendale Community College, Valerie Dean O'Loughlin, Indiana University, Theresa Stouter Bidle, Hagerstown Community College. Anatomy and physiology 3e. | New York, NY : MHE, [2019] | Includes index. LCCN 2017040498 | ISBN 9781259398629 (alk. paper) LCSH: Human anatomy. | Human physiology. LCC QM25 .M32 2019 | DDC 612–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017040498 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw- Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered mck98625_FM_i-xxxii.indd 2 14/11/17 6:56 pm about the authors MICHAEL MCKINLEY received his undergraduate degree from the University of California at Berkeley, and both his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Arizona State University. He did his postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California Medical School–San Francisco (UCSF) in the laboratory of Dr. Stanley Prusiner, where he worked for 12 years investigating prions and prion diseases. During this time, he was also a member of the UCSF Medical School anatomy faculty and taught medical histology for 10 years. In 1991, Michael became a member of the biology faculty at Glendale Community College (GCC) in Glendale, Arizona. He taught undergraduate anatomy and physiology, general biology, and genetics at the GCC Main Cam- pus. In 2009, he moved to the GCC North Campus, where he taught anatomy and physiology courses exclusively until he retired in 2012. Between 1991 and 2000, Michael also participated in Alzheimer disease research and served as director of the Brain Donation Program at the Sun Health Research I nstitute. During this time he also taught developmental biology and genetics at Arizona State University West Campus. He has been an author and co-author of more than 80 scientific papers. Mike’s vast experience in histology, neuroanatomy, and cell biology greatly shaped the related content in the market-leading textbook McKinley/O’Loughlin/Pennefather- O’Brien, Human Anatomy, 5th edition. Mike is an active member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS). He resides in Tempe, Arizona with his wife Jan. VALERIE DEAN O’LOUGHLIN received her undergraduate degree from the College of William and Mary, and her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in biological anthropology from Indiana University. She is a professor of anatomy at Indiana University, where she teaches human gross anatomy to medical students, basic human anatomy to undergraduates, and human anatomy for medical imaging evaluation to undergraduate and graduate students. She also teaches a pedagogical methods course and mentors Ph.D. students pursuing anatomy education research. She is active in the American Association of Anatomists (AAA) and the Society for Ultrasound in Medical Education (SUSME). She is a President Emeritus of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and currently serves on the Steering Committee. She received the AAA Basmajian Award for excellence in teaching gross anatomy and outstanding accomplishments in scholarship in education, and recently was selected for the AAA Henry Gray Distinguished Educator award. Valerie is co-author of the market- leading textbook McKinley/O’Loughlin/Pennefather-O’Brien, Human Anatomy, 5th edition. THERESA STOUTER BIDLE received her undergraduate degree from Rutgers University, her M.S. degree in biomedical science from Hood College in Maryland, and has com- pleted additional graduate coursework in genetics at the National Institutes of Health and in science education at the University of Maryland. She is a professor at Hagerstown Community College, where she teaches anatomy and physiology and nutrition to pre–allied health students. She also mentors new full-time and adjunct faculty who teach anatomy and physiology. Before joining the faculty in 1990, she was the coordinator of the Science Learning Center, where she developed study materials and a tutoring program for students enrolled in science classes. Terri has been a developmental reviewer, has written supplemental materials for both textbooks and lab manuals, and is co-author for Eckel/Ross/Bidle, Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition. iii mck98625_FM_i-xxxii.indd 3 14/11/17 6:56 pm y e nl Ki c M n a ©J Author team: Michael McKinley, Valerie Dean O’Loughlin, and Theresa Bidle Dedications I am indebted to Jan (my wife); Renee, Ryan, and Shaun (my children); and Connor, Eric, Patrick, Keighan, Aydan, and Abbygail (my grandchildren). They are the love of my life and my inspiration always. — Michael P. McKinley To my husband Bob and my daughter Erin: Thank you for always being there for me. — Valerie Dean O’Loughlin With love and thanks to my husband Jay and my daughter Stephanie for the many ways that they have supported me during this project. — Terri Stouter Bidle iv mck98625_FM_i-xxxii.indd 4 14/11/17 6:56 pm brief contents PART I: ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY Chapter 1 The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology 1 Chapter 2 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 31 Chapter 3 Energy, Chemical Reactions, and Cellular Respiration 72 Chapter 4 Biology of the Cell 104 Chapter 5 Tissue Organization 153 PART II: SUPPORT AND BODY MOVEMENT Chapter 6 Integumentary System 187 Chapter 7 Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function 213 Chapter 8 Skeletal System: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton 241 Chapter 9 Skeletal System: Articulations 299 Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue 333 Chapter 11 Muscular System: Axial and Appendicular Muscles 374 PART III: COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL Chapter 12 Nervous System: Nervous Tissue 438 Chapter 13 Nervous System: Brain and Cranial Nerves 485 Chapter 14 Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 539 Chapter 15 Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System 582 Chapter 16 Nervous System: Senses 610 Chapter 17 Endocrine System 662 PART IV: MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION Chapter 18 Cardiovascular System: Blood 711 Chapter 19 Cardiovascular System: Heart 741 Chapter 20 Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation 786 Chapter 21 Lymphatic System 843 Chapter 22 Immune System and the Body’s Defense 859 Chapter 23 Respiratory System 900 Chapter 24 Urinary System 954 Chapter 25 Fluid and Electrolytes 1000 Chapter 26 Digestive System 1034 Chapter 27 Nutrition and Metabolism 1082 PART V: REPRODUCTION Chapter 28 Reproductive System 1104 Chapter 29 Development, Pregnancy, and Heredity 1149 v mck98625_FM_i-xxxii.indd 5 14/11/17 6:56 pm contents About the Authors iii 2.5b Acids and Bases 48 Brief Contents v 2.5c pH, Neutralization, and the Action of Buffers 48 Preface xvi 2.6 Water Mixtures 49 Guided Tour xxii 2.6a Categories of Water Mixtures 49 2.6b Expressions of Solution Concentration 50 ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN 2.7 Biological Macromolecules 51 2.7a General Characteristics 51 BODY 2.7b Lipids 53 2.7c Carbohydrates 56 2.7d Nucleic Acids 57 CHAPTER 1 2.7e Proteins 59 The Sciences of Anatomy and INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW Physiology 1 Biological Macromolecules 62 2.8 Protein Structure 64 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Compared 2 2.8a Categories of Amino Acids 64 1.1a Anatomy: Details of Structure and Form 2 2.8b Amino Acid Sequence and Protein Conformation 66 1.1b Physiology: Details of Function 3 1.2 Anatomy and Physiology Integrated 3 ©Marmaduke St. John/ CHAPTER 3 Alamy RF 1.3 How to Study Anatomy and Physiology Energy, Chemical Reactions, and Effectively 3 Cellular Respiration 72 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW Comparing How Anatomists and Physiologists Examine the Human Body 4 3.1 Energy 73 1.4 The Body’s Levels of Organization 7 3.1a Classes of Energy 73 3.1b Forms of Energy 73 1.4a Characteristics That Describe Living Things 7 3.1c Laws of Thermodynamics 75 1.4b The View from Simplest to Most Complex 8 Source: James Gathany/ 1.4c Introduction to Organ Systems 8 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW CDC 1.5 The Precise Language of Anatomy and Physiology 9 Energy as It Relates to Human Body Function 76 1.5a Anatomic Position 13 3.2 Chemical Reactions 78 1.5b Sections and Planes 13 3.2a Chemical Equations 78 1.5c Anatomic Directions 14 3.2b Classification of Chemical Reactions 78 1.5d Regional Anatomy 14 3.2c Reaction Rates and Activation Energy 82 1.5e Body Cavities and Membranes 14 3.3 Enzymes 83 1.5f Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 18 3.3a Function of Enzymes 83 1.6 Homeostasis: Keeping Internal Conditions Stable 19 3.3b Enzyme Structure and Location 84 1.6a Components of Homeostatic Systems 19 3.3c Mechanism of Enzyme Action 84 1.6b Homeostatic Systems Regulated by Negative Feedback 21 3.3d C lassification and Naming of Enzymes 84 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 3.3e Enzymes and Reaction Rates 86 Negative Feedback Mechanisms for Regulating Body Temperature 22 3.3f Controlling Enzymes 87 3.3g M etabolic Pathways and Multienzyme Complexes 87 1.6c Homeostatic Systems Regulated by Positive Feedback 24 3.4 Cellular Respiration 89 1.7 Homeostasis, Health, and Disease 25 3.4a Overview of Glucose Oxidation 89 CHAPTER 2 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 31 How Enzymes Work 90 3.4b Glycolysis 93 2.1 Atomic Structure 32 3.4c Intermediate Stage 94 3.4d Citric Acid Cycle 94 2.1a Matter, Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic 3.4e The Electron Transport System 97 Table 32 3.4f ATP Production 99 2.1b Isotopes 34 3.4g The Fate of Pyruvate with Insufficient Oxygen 99 2.1c Chemical Stability and the Octet Rule 34 3.4h Other Fuel Molecules That Are Oxidized in Cellular Respiration 100 2.2 Ions and Ionic Compounds 36 Source: Brenda J. Jones/ 2.2a Ions 36 CDC CHAPTER 4 2.2b Ionic Bonds 37 Biology of the Cell 104 2.3 Covalent Bonding, Molecules, and Molecular Compounds 38 2.3a Chemical Formulas: Molecular and Structural 38 4.1 Introduction to Cells 105 2.3b Covalent Bonds 39 4.1a How Cells Are Studied 105 2.3c Nonpolar, Polar, and Amphipathic Molecules 41 4.1b Cell Size and Shape 105 2.3d Intermolecular Attractions 42 4.1c Common Features and General Functions 106 2.4 Molecular Structure and Properties of Water 43 4.2 Chemical Structure of the Plasma 2.4a Molecular Structure of Water 43 Membrane 108 ©Science Photo Library/ 2.4b Properties of Water 44 4.2a Lipid Components 108 agefotostock RF 2.4c Water as the Universal Solvent 44 4.2b Membrane Proteins 109 2.5 Acidic and Basic Solutions, pH, and Buffers 46 4.3 Membrane Transport 111 2.5a Water: A Neutral Solvent 46 4.3a Passive Processes: Diffusion 111 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 4.3b Passive Processes: Osmosis 113 Water’s Roles in the Body 47 4.3c Active Processes 115 vi mck98625_FM_i-xxxii.indd 6 14/11/17 6:56 pm 4.4 Resting Membrane Potential 121 6.3 Repair and Regeneration of the Integumentary System 205 4.4a Introduction 121 6.4 Development and Aging of the Integumentary System 206 4.4b Establishing and Maintaining an RMP 121 6.4a Development of the Integument and Its Derivatives 208 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 6.4b Aging of the Integument 208 Passive and Active Processes of Membrane Transport 122 CHAPTER 7 4.5 Cell Communication 124 4.5a Direct Contact Between Cells 124 Skeletal System: Bone Structure and 4.5b Ligand-Receptor Signaling 125 Function 213 4.6 Cellular Structures 126 4.6a Membrane-Bound Organelles 126 7.1 Introduction to the Skeletal System 214 4.6b Non-Membrane-Bound Organelles 129 7.2 Bone: The Major Organ of the Skeletal 4.6c Structures of the Cell’s External Surface 132 4.6d Membrane Junctions 133 System 214 4.7 Structure of the Nucleus 133 7.2a General Functions 214 ©AJPhoto/Hôpital Américain/ 7.2b Classification of Bones 215 Science Source INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 7.2c Gross Anatomy of Bones 215 Cellular Structures and Their Functions 134 7.2d Bone Marrow 218 4.7a Nuclear Envelope and Nucleolus 136 7.2e Microscopic Anatomy: Bone Connective Tissue 219 4.7b DNA, Chromatin, and Chromosomes 136 7.2f Microscopic Anatomy: Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue 223 4.8 Function of the Nucleus and Ribosomes 137 7.3 Cartilage Growth 223 4.8a Transcription: Synthesizing RNA 137 7.4 Bone Formation 225 4.8b Translation: Synthesizing Protein 139 7.4a Intramembranous Ossification 225 4.8c DNA as the Control Center of a Cell 142 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 4.9 Cell Division 143 The Process of Endochondral Ossification 226 4.9a Cellular Structures 143 4.9b The Cell Cycle 143 7.4b Endochondral Ossification 227 4.10 Cell Aging and Death 146 7.5 Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling 230 7.5a Bone Growth 230 CHAPTER 5 7.5b Bone Remodeling 231 7.5c Hormones That Influence Bone Growth and Bone Tissue Organization 153 Remodeling 232 7.6 Regulating Blood Calcium Levels 233 5.1 Epithelial Tissue: Surfaces, Linings, 7.6a Activation of Vitamin D to Calcitriol 233 and Secretory Functions 154 7.6b Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitriol 234 5.1a Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue 154 7.6c Calcitonin 235 5.1b Functions of Epithelial Tissue 155 7.7 Effects of Aging 235 5.1c Classification of Epithelial Tissue 155 7.8 Bone Fracture and Repair 236 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW ©Antenna/Getty Images RF The Relationship Between Epithelial Tissue Type and Function 160 CHAPTER 8 5.1d Glands 162 Skeletal System: Axial and 5.2 Connective Tissue: Cells in a Supportive Matrix 164 5.2a Characteristics of Connective Tissue 164 Appendicular Skeleton 241 5.2b Functions of Connective Tissue 166 5.2c Embryonic Connective Tissue 167 8.1 Components of the Skeleton 242 5.2d Classification of Connective Tissue 167 8.1a Axial and Appendicular Skeleton 242 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 8.1b Bone Markings 243 The Relationship Between Connective Tissue Type and Function 174 8.2 Bones and Features of the Skull 244 ©Dennis MacDonald/ 5.3 Muscle Tissue: Movement 176 8.2a General Anatomy of the Skull 244 PhotoEdit 8.2b Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 245 5.4 Nervous Tissue: Information Transfer and Integration 177 8.2c Sutures 258 5.5 Integration of Tissues in Organs and Body Membranes 178 8.2d Orbital and Nasal Complexes, Paranasal Sinuses 260 5.5a Organs 178 8.3 Bones Associated with the Skull 261 5.5b Body Membranes 178 8.4 Sex and Age Determination from Analysis of 5.6 Tissue Development and Aging 179 the Skull 262 5.6a Tissue Development 179 8.4a Sex Differences in the Skull 262 5.6b Tissue Modification 180 8.4b Aging of the Skull 262 5.6c Aging of Tissues 183 8.5 Bones of the Vertebral Column 264 8.5a Types of Vertebrae 264 S UPPORT AND BODY MOVEMENT 8.5b Spinal Curvatures 265 8.5c Vertebral Anatomy 266 CHAPTER 6 8.6 Bones of the Thoracic Cage 271 8.6a Sternum 272 Integumentary System 187 8.6b Ribs 272 8.7 The Upper and Lower Limbs: A Comparison 273 6.1 Composition and Functions of the Integument 188 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 6.1a Epidermis 188 Similarities Between the Upper Limb and Lower Limb 6.1b Dermis 193 Skeletons 274 6.1c Subcutaneous Layer 195 8.8 The Pectoral Girdle and Its Functions 276 ©agefotostock/SuperStock 6.1d Functions of the Integument 196 8.8a Clavicle 276 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 8.8b Scapula 276 How Integument Form Influences Its Functions 199 8.9 Bones of the Upper Limb 277 6.2 Integumentary Structures Derived from Epidermis 200 8.9a Humerus 277 8.9b Radius and Ulna 279 6.2a Nails 200 8.9c Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 280 6.2b Hair 201 6.2c Exocrine Glands of the Skin 203 vii mck98625_FM_i-xxxii.indd 7 14/11/17 6:56 pm 8.10 The Pelvic Girdle and Its Functions 281 10.5b Classification of Muscle Fiber Types 356 8.10a Os Coxae 282 10.5c Distribution of Muscle Fiber Types 357 8.10b True and False Pelves 284 10.6   Muscle Tension in Skeletal Muscle 357 8.10c Sex Differences in the Pelvis 284 10.6a Muscle Twitch 357 8.10d Age Differences in the Ossa Coxae 286 10.6b Changes in Stimulus Intensity: Motor Unit Recruitment 358 8.11 Bones of the Lower Limb 286 10.6c Changes in Stimulus Frequency: Wave Summation, Incomplete Tetany, 8.11a Femur and Patella 286 and Tetany 359 8.11b Tibia and Fibula 288 10.7   Factors Affecting Skeletal Muscle Tension Within the 8.11c Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 290 Body 359 8.11d Arches of the Foot 291 10.7a Muscle Tone 359 8.12 Development of the Skeleton 293 10.7b Isometric Contractions and Isotonic Contractions 360 10.7c Length-Tension Relationship 361 CHAPTER 9 10.7d Muscle Fatigue 362 Skeletal System: Articulations 299 10.8     Effects of Exercise and Aging on Skeletal Muscle 363 10.8a Effects of Exercise 363 9.1 Classification of Joints 300 10.8b Effects of Aging 363 10.9    Cardiac Muscle Tissue 364 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 10.10  Smooth Muscle Tissue 365 The Relationship Between Mobility and Stability in Joints 301 10.10a Location of Smooth Muscle 365 10.10b Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle 365 9.2 Fibrous Joints 302 ©Russell Illig/Getty 10.10c Mechanism of Smooth Muscle Contraction 366 9.2a Gomphoses 302 Images RF 10.10d Controlling Smooth Muscle 368 9.2b Sutures 302 10.10e Functional Categories of Smooth Muscle 368 9.2c Syndesmoses 303 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 303 CHAPTER 11 9.3a Synchondroses 303 Muscular System: Axial and 9.3b Symphyses 304 Appendicular Muscles 374 9.4 Synovial Joints 304 9.4a Distinguishing Features and Anatomy of Synovial Joints 304 11.1        S keletal Muscle Composition and 9.4b Classification of Synovial Joints 306 Actions 377 9.5 The Movements of Synovial Joints 306 11.1a Skeletal Muscle Attachments 377 9.5a Gliding Motion 306 11.1b Organizational Patterns of Skeletal Muscle ©Fotosearch/agefotostock INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW Fibers 377 Synovial Joints 307 11.1c Actions of Skeletal Muscles 378 9.5b Angular Motion 308 11.2             Skeletal Muscle Naming 379 9.5c Rotational Motion 310 11.3               Muscles of the Head and Neck 380 9.5d Special Movements 311 11.3a Muscles of Facial Expression 380 9.6 Synovial Joints and Levers 312 11.3b Extrinsic Eye Muscles 384 9.6a Terminology of Levers 312 11.3c Muscles of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx 386 9.6b Types of Levers 312 11.3d Muscles of the Anterior Neck: The Hyoid Muscles 387 9.7 Features and Anatomy of Selected Joints 313 11.3e Muscles That Move the Head and Neck 390 9.7a Temporomandibular Joint 314 11.4             Muscles of the Vertebral Column 392 9.7b Shoulder Joint 315 11.5 Muscles of Respiration 395 9.7c Elbow Joint 319 11.6    Muscles of the Abdominal Wall 396 9.7d Hip Joint 321 9.7e Knee Joint 323 11.7      Muscles of the Pelvic Floor 398 9.7f Talocrural (Ankle) Joint 326 11.8    Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 403 9.8 Development and Aging of the Joints 328 11.8a Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle 403 11.8b Muscles That Move the Glenohumeral Joint/Arm 406 CHAPTER 10 11.8c Arm and Forearm Muscles That Move the Elbow Joint/Forearm 409 Muscle Tissue 333 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW Muscle Compartmentalization 410 10.1 Introduction to Skeletal Muscle 334 11.8d Forearm Muscles That Move the Wrist Joint, Hand, and Fingers 414 10.1a Functions of Skeletal Muscle 334 11.8e Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand 419 10.1b Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle 334 11.9     Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 421 10.2 Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 335 11.9a Muscles That Move the Hip Joint/Thigh 421 10.2a Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 335 11.9b Thigh Muscles That Move the Knee Joint/Leg 425 10.2b Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal ©Tony McConnell/Science 11.9c Leg Muscles That Move the Ankle, Foot, and Toes 428 Muscle 336 Source 11.9d Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot 433 10.2c Innervation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 341 10.2d Skeletal Muscle Fibers at Rest 342 COMMUNICATION AND 10.3 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contraction 343 10.3a Neuromuscular Junction: Excitation of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 344 CONTROL 10.3b Sarcolemma, T-tubules, and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Excitation-Contraction Coupling 344 10.3c Sarcomere: Crossbridge Cycling 346 CHAPTER 12 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW Nervous System: Nervous Tissue 438 Skeletal Muscle Contraction 350 10.3d Skeletal Muscle Relaxation 352 12.1    I ntroduction to the Nervous System 439 10.4 Skeletal Muscle Metabolism 353 12.1a General Functions of the Nervous System 439 10.4a Supplying Energy for Skeletal Muscle Metabolism 353 12.1b Organization of the Nervous System 439 10.4b Oxygen Debt 355 12.1c Nerves and Ganglia 440 10.5 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types 355 12.2 Nervous Tissue: Neurons 442 ©BSIP/Science Source 10.5a Criteria for Classification of Muscle Fiber Types 355 12.2a General Characteristics of Neurons 442 viii mck98625_FM_i-xxxii.indd 8 14/11/17 6:56 pm 12.2b Neuron Structure 443 13.8e Memory 523 12.2c Neuron Transport 445 13.8f Emotion 523 12.2d Classification of Neurons 446 13.8g Language 525 12.3 Synapses 447 13.9 Cranial Nerves 526 12.4 Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells 448 CHAPTER 14 12.4a General Characteristics of Glial Cells 448 12.4b Types of Glial Cells 449 Nervous System: Spinal Cord and 12.4c Myelination 450 Spinal Nerves 539 12.5 Axon Regeneration 453 12.6 Plasma Membrane of Neurons 454 14.1 Overview of the Spinal Cord and Spinal 12.6a Types of Pumps and Channels 454 Nerves 540 12.6b Distribution of Pumps and Channels 455 14.1a General Functions 540 ©Creatas Images/ 12.7     Introduction to Neuron Physiology 457 14.1b Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy 540 PunchStock RF 12.7a Neurons and Ohm’s Law 457 14.1c Spinal Nerve Identification and Gross 12.7b Neurons at Rest 458 Anatomy 540 12.8 Physiologic Events in the Neuron Segments 460 14.2 Protection and Support of the Spinal Cord 542 12.8a Receptive Segment 460 14.3         Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots 545 12.8b Initial Segment 463 14.3a Distribution of Gray Matter 545 12.8c Conductive Segment 465 14.3b Distribution of White Matter 546 12.8d Transmissive Segment 470 14.4 Sensory and Motor Pathways 548 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 14.4a Overview of Conduction Pathways 548 Events of Neuron Physiology 472 14.4b Sensory Pathways 548 12.9 Characteristics of Action Potentials 474 14.4c Motor Pathways 552 12.9a Graded Potentials Versus Action Potentials 474 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 12.9b Velocity of Action Potential Propagation 475 Differences Between Sensory and Motor Pathways 554 12.9c Frequency of Action Potentials 475 14.5 Spinal Nerves 555 12.10    Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulation 476 14.5a General Distribution of Spinal Nerves 555 12.10a Classification of Neurotransmitters 476 14.5b Nerve Plexuses 557 12.10b Features of Neurotransmitters 476 14.5c Intercostal Nerves 557 12.10c Neuromodulation 478 14.5d Cervical Plexuses 558 12.11 Neural Integration and Neuronal Pools of the CNS 480 14.5e Brachial Plexuses 559 14.5f Lumbar Plexuses 565 CHAPTER 13 14.5g Sacral Plexuses 567 Nervous System: Brain and Cranial 14.6 Reflexes 571 14.6a Characteristics of Reflexes 571 Nerves 485 14.6b Components of a Reflex Arc 571 14.6c Classifying Spinal Reflexes 572 13.1 Brain Organization and 14.6d Spinal Reflexes 573 Development 486 14.6e Reflex Testing in a Clinical Setting 576 13.1a Overview of Brain Anatomy 486 14.7   Development of the Spinal Cord 577 13.1b Development of Brain Divisions 490 Courtesy Kristine Queck 13.1c Gray Matter and White Matter Distribution 492 CHAPTER 15 13.2 Protection and Support of the Brain 494 Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous 13.2a Cranial Meninges 494 System 582 13.2b Brain Ventricles 497 13.2c Cerebrospinal Fluid 497 13.2d Blood-Brain Barrier 500 15.1 Comparison of the Somatic and 13.3 Cerebrum 500 Autonomic Nervous Systems 583 13.3a Cerebral Hemispheres 501 15.1a Functional Organization 583 13.3b Lobes of the Cerebrum 501 15.1b L ower Motor Neurons of the Somatic ©Tek Image/Science Source INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW Versus Autonomic Nervous System 584 15.1c CNS Control of the Autonomic Nervous System 585 Anatomic and Functional Areas of the Cerebrum 503 15.2 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 586 13.3c Functional Areas of the Cerebrum 504 13.3d Central White Matter 507 15.2a Functional Differences 586 13.3e Cerebral Lateralization 508 15.2b Anatomic Differences in Lower Motor Neurons 586 13.3f Cerebral Nuclei 509 15.2c Degree of Response 587 13.4 Diencephalon 511 15.3 Parasympathetic Division 588 13.4a Epithalamus 511 15.3a Cranial Components 588 13.4b Thalamus 512 15.3b Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves 590 13.4c Hypothalamus 512 15.4 Sympathetic Division 590 13.5  Brainstem 513 15.4a Organization and Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division 590 13.5a Midbrain 514 15.4b Sympathetic Pathways 594 13.5b Pons 515 15.5 A utonomic Plexuses and the Enteric Nervous System 596 13.5c Medulla Oblongata 516 15.5a Autonomic Plexuses 596 13.6 Cerebellum 517 15.5b Enteric Nervous System 597 13.6a Structural Components of the Cerebellum 517 15.6 Comparison of Neurotransmitters and Receptors of the 13.6b Functions of the Cerebellum 517 Two Divisions 597 13.7   Functional Brain Systems 519 15.6a Overview of ANS Neurotransmitters 597 13.7a Limbic System 519 15.6b Cholinergic Receptors 598 13.7b Reticular Formation 520 15.6c Adrenergic Receptors 599 13.8 I ntegrative Functions and Higher-Order Brain Functions 521 15.7     Interactions Between the Parasympathetic 13.8a Development of Higher-Order Brain Functions 521 and Sympathetic Divisions 600 13.8b Electroencephalogram 521 15.7a Autonomic Tone 600 13.8c Sleep 522 INTEGRATE: CONCEPT OVERVIEW 13.8d Cognition 522 Comparison of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the ANS 602 ix mck98625_FM_i-xxxii.indd 9 14/11/17 6:56 pm