AnAtomy & Physiology A complete introduction 608665_Anat_&_Phys_ACI_Book.indb 1 28/07/15 1:34 PM This page intentionally left blank AnAtomy & Physiology A complete introduction David Le Vay Revised and updated by Jenny Stafford-Brown 608665_Anat_&_Phys_ACI_Book.indb 3 28/07/15 1:34 PM First published in Great Britain in 1996 by Hodder Education. An Hachette UK company. First published in the USA in 1974 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. This edition published in Great Britain in 2015 by John Murray Learning This edition published in the USA in 2015 by Quercus Copyright © David Le Vay 1974, 1985, 2001, 2003, 2015 The right of David Le Vay to be identified as the Author of the Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Database right Hodder & Stoughton (makers) The Teach Yourself name is a registered trademark of Hachette UK All rights reserved. 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Carmelite House 50 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y 0DZ www.hodder.co.uk 608665_Anat_&_Phys_ACI_Book.indb 4 28/07/15 1:34 PM Contents Acknowledgements ix Part 1: Anatomy 1 general considerations 3 Methods of acquiring anatomical knowledge Variation in human anatomy The history of anatomy 2 Cells, DnA and tissues 9 Cells DNA Tissues 3 the skeleton 23 Cartilage Bone Development and growth of bone Joints and movements Axial and appendicular skeleton 4 muscle 43 The muscle cell Skeletal muscle Muscle contraction Smooth muscle Gross anatomy of muscles Muscle groups and movements 5 standard positions, terms and references: body coverings and body systems 55 Positions, terms and references Skin Body wall and body cavities The body systems 6 Regional anatomy: the upper limb 71 Bones of the upper limb Joints of the upper limb Surface anatomy of the upper limb The subcutaneous structures of the upper limb Muscle groups of the upper limb The blood vessels of the upper limb The nerves of the upper limb The hand 608665_Anat_&_Phys_ACI_Book.indb 5 28/07/15 1:34 PM 7 Regional anatomy: the lower limb 97 Bones of the lower limb Joints of the lower limb Surface anatomy of the lower limb Subcutaneous structures of the limb Muscles of the thigh Muscles of the leg Blood vessels of the lower limb Nerves of the lower limb 8 Regional anatomy: the abdomen 125 Abdominal cavity and boundaries Surface anatomy Abdominal muscles Peritoneum, mesenteries and omenta The general disposition of the abdominal organs Posterior abdominal wall and related structures Pelvis 9 Regional anatomy: the thorax 155 Bony wall Respiration Muscles of the chest wall Thoracic cavity Contents of the thoracic cavity Great vessels of the thorax Remaining structures of the posterior thoracic wall Nerves within the thorax 10 Regional anatomy: head and neck 171 The head The neck Lymph nodes of head and neck Part 2: Physiology 11 general considerations 191 The history of physiology 12 Basic biophysics and biochemistry 197 Homeostasis Body water Crystalloids and colloids Energy transformations within the body Essential minerals Nutrients Enzymes Metabolism 13 Foodstuffs and vitamins 211 Food and energy Diet Respiratory quotient Food groups Vitamins vi 608665_Anat_&_Phys_ACI_Book.indb 6 28/07/15 1:34 PM 14 Digestion 223 The mouth Swallowing The stomach Small intestine Pancreas Liver and bile Large intestine Movements in the digestive tract 15 Absorption, utilization and storage of digested food 233 Absorption Utilization (metabolism) of absorbed substances 16 Blood, lymph and the reticuloendothelial (immune) system 249 Blood Blood cells Lymph Reticuloendothelial (immune) system 17 the heart and circulation 263 Physiological features of the systemic circulation The heart The circulation 18 Respiration 277 The respiratory system Respiration Chemical aspects of respiration Tissue respiration 19 the kidney and excretion 285 The kidney Urine 20 nervous system and sense organs 293 Basic structure The nature of nervous transmission Anatomy of the central nervous system Cerebrospinal system Autonomic nervous system Special sense organs 21 the endocrine system 321 Pituitary Thyroid Suprarenal glands Pancreas and insulin Gonads 22 Reproduction and development 331 Reproductive organs Reproduction Development of the embryo Breasts and milk production Genetic aspects Contents vii 608665_Anat_&_Phys_ACI_Book.indb 7 28/07/15 1:34 PM 23 Environmental considerations 349 Stress under extreme conditions Inherent biological rhythms test answers 361 index 365 viii 608665_Anat_&_Phys_ACI_Book.indb 8 28/07/15 1:34 PM Acknowledgements I wish to thank the following for permission to reproduce illustrations and other material: Longmans Green & Co. as regards Gray’s Anatomy and J. & A. Churchill in respect of Starling’s Principles of Human Physiology. I have also drawn widely on A Companion to Medical Studies, ed. R. Passmore and J.S. Robson, Blackwell Scientific Publications. The sources of these and other figures are acknowledged in the text. I am also grateful to the Oxford University Press for permission to reproduce Figure 2.4 from Here Be Dragons by D. Koerner and S. LeVay. Acknowledgements ix 608665_Anat_&_Phys_ACI_Book.indb 9 28/07/15 1:34 PM