Anarchy, State and Public Choice Advanced Studies in Political Economy Series Editors: Virgil Henry Storr and Stefanie Haeffele The Advanced Studies in Political Economy series consists of republished as well as newly commissioned work that seeks to understand the underpin- nings of a free society through the foundations of the Austrian, Virginia, and Bloomington schools of political economy. Through this series, the Mercatus Center at George Mason University aims to further the exploration of and dis- cussion on the dynamics of social change by making this research available to students and scholars. Nona Martin Storr, Emily Chamlee-Wright, and Virgil Henry Storr, How We Came Back: Voices from Post-Katrina New Orleans Don Lavoie, Rivalry and Central Planning: The Socialist Calculation Debate Reconsidered Don Lavoie, National Economic Planning: What Is Left? Peter J. Boettke, Stefanie Haeffele, and Virgil Henry Storr, eds., Mainline Economics: Six Nobel Lectures in the Tradition of Adam Smith Matthew D. Mitchell and Peter J. Boettke, Applied Mainline Economics: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Public Policy Jack High, ed., Humane Economics: Essays in Honor of Don Lavoie Edward Stringham, ed., Anarchy, State and Public Choice Anarchy, State and Public Choice Edited by Edward Stringham Foreword by Peter J. Boettke and Rosolino A. Candela Arlington, Virginia About the Mercatus Center at George Mason University The Mercatus Center at George Mason University is the world’s premier uni- versity source for market-oriented ideas—bridging the gap between academic ideas and real-world problems. A university-based research center, Mercatus advances knowledge about how markets work to improve people’s lives by training graduate students, conduct- ing research, and applying economics to offer solutions to society’s most press- ing problems. Our mission is to generate knowledge and understanding of the institutions that (cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:191)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3) the barriers preventing individuals from living free, prosperous, and peaceful lives. Since 1980, the Mercatus Center has been part of George Mason University, located on the Arlington and Fairfax campuses. Originally published in 2005 by Edward Elgar Publishing as Anarchy, State and Public Choice. © 2005 Edward Stringham. This edition published with permission. Foreword © 2018 Peter J. Boettke, Rosolino A. Candela, and the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 978-1-942951-40-7 Mercatus Center at George Mason University 3434 Washington Blvd., 4th Floor Arlington, Virginia 22201 www.mercatus.org Cover design by Joanna Andreasson Typesetting services by Robin Black of Inspirio Design Contents Foreword to the Mercatus Center Edition vii Peter J. Boettke and Rosolino A. Candela (cid:36)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:191)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:91)(cid:89) List of contributors xvii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Edward Stringham Chapter 2: Individual welfare in anarchy 10 Winston Bush Chapter 3: Jungle or just Bush? Anarchy and the evolution of cooperation 24 Jason Osborne Chapter 4: The edge of the jungle 36 Gordon Tullock Chapter 5: Social interaction without the state 49 Christopher J. Coyne Chapter 6: Towards a theory of the evolution of government 60 J. Patrick Gunning Chapter 7: Do contracts require formal enforcement? 67 Peter T. Leeson Chapter 8: Before public choice 77 James M. Buchanan v vi Contents Chapter 9: Public choice and Leviathan 88 Benjamin Powell Chapter 10: Cases in anarchy 98 Thomas Hogarty (cid:38)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:191)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:182)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:182)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3) Hogarty’s three cases 113 Virgil Henry Storr Chapter 12: Private property anarchism: an American variant 123 Laurence Moss Chapter 13: Anarchism and the theory of power 153 Warren Samuels Chapter 14: Polycentrism and power: a reply to Warren Samuels 178 Scott Beaulier (cid:38)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:192)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:20) James M. Buchanan Chapter 16: Anarchy 194 Gordon Tullock Chapter 17: Tullock on anarchy 200 Jeffrey Rogers Hummel Chapter 18: Anarchism as a progressive research program in political economy 206 Peter J. Boettke Index 221 Foreword to the Mercatus Center Edition The development of Virginia Political Economy (VPE)1 throughout the 20th century played a crucial role in changing economists’ presumptions about the economic role of the state.2 Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, economists in the (cid:57)(cid:51)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:191)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:79)- icy attempts to address the existence of market failures. As James M. Buchanan, Gordon Tullock, and others pointed out, special interest groups, short-sighted policy bias, and regulatory capture all may undermine the execution of poli- cies intended to provide public goods, erode monopoly power, and eliminate externalities. Although imperfections in the market process may exist, VPE economists argued that government interventions to address such market fail- ures will not necessarily be any better. Market failures, the government failure presumption suggests, may simply be failures to appreciate not only the costs of (cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:191)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)- ing problems of facilitating social order. Anarchy, State and Public Choice marked a transition in VPE by taking the government failure presumption one step further to develop a presumption of anarchy in political economy, which claims that no solution exists to resolve the paradox of government, namely to empower and then constrain the state to a limited economic role of enforcing private property rights. Whereas econo- mists of the VPE tradition share a presumption of government failure, Edward Stringham’s Anarchy, State and Public Choice provides contending perspec- tives regarding how optimistic or pessimistic political economists can be toward the presumption of anarchy in political economy. The publication of Anarchy, State and Public Choice3 marked a critical transition in the study of anarchy in the tradition of VPE, from a presumption of pessimistic anarchism to one of optimistic anarchism. Originally published in 2005 by Edward Elgar, Anarchy, State and Public Choice revived interest in a previous generation of scholars who had provided an economic analysis of anarchy.4 Both generations of scholars shared a com- mon research question: how can self-interested individuals establish norms and rules that foster the conditions for social cooperation under the division of labor? However, each generation arrived at different conclusions to that research question. vii viii Foreword to the Mercatus Center Edition THE GENERATION OF PESSIMISTIC ANARCHISM Inspired by the civil unrest during the Vietnam War and the civil rights move- ment (chapter 15, page 191), Buchanan, Tullock, and Winston Bush undertook a radical reexamination of alternative institutional arrangements for governing society at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (then known as VPI) in Blacksburg.5 As Bush (chapter 2, page 10) put it, “It is not surprising that ‘anarchy’ and ‘anarchism’ have re-emerged as topics for discussion in the 1960s and the 1970s, as tentacles of government progressively invade private lives and as the alleged objectives of such invasions recede yet further from attainment.” Beginning with the publication of Explorations in the Theory of Anarchy6 and Further Explorations in the Theory of Anarchy,7(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:191)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:79)- ars, “stimulated more or less directly by Winston Bush” (Buchanan, chapter 15, (cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:20)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:191)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3) as it was understood in these two early volumes, referred to a “state in soci- (cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:43)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3) chapter 10, page 99). “The anarchists of the 1960s,” according to Buchanan (chapter 15, page 192), “were enemies of order, rather than proponents of any (cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:191)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:3) (see chapter 17), failing to distinguish between “the law as government-en- forced prohibitions from the law as social order” (Storr, chapter 11, page 114, emphasis in original). It is understandable, given the historical context in which they were writing, that Buchanan, Bush, and the other contributors regarded anarchism with skep- ticism. However, the basis of their skepticism was that anarchy as a viable alter- native of governance presumes either that individuals would have to be already persuaded by the merits of anarchy (see chapter 16), or that it “tends to presume the behavior necessary to produce the results intended” for anarchy to succeed (Samuels, chapter 13, page 163). Without conceiving of an alternative structure of governance, these pessimistic anarchists claimed that anarchy would require a benevolent transformation of human nature, because anarchy, as they viewed it, would be unbound by any rules to constrain violent and opportunistic behav- ior (see chapter 15). It was this critique of anarchy to which the contributors of Anarchy, State and Public Choice would later respond. THE GENERATION OF OPTIMISTIC ANARCHISM Stringham, like his predecessor Bush, was a “principal instigator”8 in pro- moting a research interest in the economic analysis of anarchy. While he was Foreword to the Mercatus Center Edition ix still a graduate student at George Mason University (GMU), not only did Stringham foster a climate of critical inquiry to advance research in anarchy, (cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)Anarchy, State and Public Choice and inspired a new generation of young graduate students to make contributions to this research program. Each of these graduate student papers was written in response to contributions in Explorations in the Theory of Anarchy and Further Explorations in the Theory of Anarchy.9 This second generation of scholars working in the VPE tradition can be char- (cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3) put, means a society without government,” yet not necessarily with disorder (Storr, chapter 11, page 113). They challenged the pessimism of the previous generation on both theoretical as well as empirical grounds. Although radical in their conclusions, the premises of their argument follow logically out of the VPE paradigm. In an ironic generational twist, the theoretical challenge of the optimis- tic anarchists was to assume behavioral symmetry in both market as well as nonmarket settings. “Ironically, in ‘Before Public Choice,’ and in The Limits of Liberty,” Benjamin Powell (chapter 9, page 91) argues, “Buchanan does (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3) in anarchy.” If individuals are modeled to act opportunistically in anarchy, then the same assumptions must be used to model individuals in government. Moreover, in response to Tullock’s “The Edge of the Jungle,” Christopher Coyne (chapter 5) points out that limitations to the discipline of repeated deal- ings, which Tullock claims will hamper the protection of property rights under anarchy, must also apply to his theory of government. Tullock had assumed that (cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:191)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3) repeated dealings with their subjects. “Underlying Tullock’s oversight,” Coyne (cid:11)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)- (cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3) nonmonetary forms of income. If so, “[r]ulers may gain (psychic) income by (cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:192)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) ruled group’s interests far more than Tullock’s analysis suggests” (chapter 5, page 56). In short, the optimistic anarchists challenged the pessimistic pre- sumption of anarchy—namely, by undermining the optimistic presumption that government is a viable provider of governance. This challenge was not only theoretical but also empirical. Whereas the pessimistic anarchists saw the gains from trade and innovation being limited by the extent to which governments secured property rights and enforced contracts, the empirical challenge of this new and optimistic gen- eration of graduate students was to perceive the existence of such potential x Foreword to the Mercatus Center Edition (cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:191)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3) the endogenous formation of norms and rules. On empirical grounds, both generations of anarchist scholars had argued not only that the relative perfor- mance of anarchy “would vary by time and place, by historical experience, etc.” (Hogarty, chapter 10, page 101), but also that “[t]here is nothing inherent in the service of coercive third-party enforcement that would exclude the pos- sibility of its private provision a priori” (Leeson, chapter 7, page 73, emphasis in original). The task of exploring the possibility and relative performance of anarchy is regarded by both generations as an empirical one, which merits detailed historical case study. However, as Virgil Storr (chapter 11, page 120) argues, using brown rats, children on a desert island, or prisoners as case studies of anarchy does “lit- tle to convince us that anarchy is unworkable or undesirable.” That is not to say, as Warren Samuels (chapter 13) rightly argues, that the use of power or coercion among bad men would be absent under a state of anarchy. However, this misses the fundamental point. Given that power and coercion is ubiqui- tous under any institutional arrangement, the fundamental question, as Scott Beaulier (chapter 14) points out, is of a comparative institutional nature: under which institutional system can bad men do least harm? Conceived in this man- ner, the question that analytical anarchism is trying to answer is “the funda- mental question in all of political economy” (chapter 14, page 188, emphasis in original).10 In attempting to answer this question, both generations of scholars were employing methodological individualism, consistent with the public choice paradigm. However, whereas the earlier VPI generation was more Hobbesian, the GMU generation of anarchists was more Smithian in orientation. As Jason Osborne (chapter 3, page 34) concludes his chapter, although anarchy is not “in (cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:182)(cid:3) wealth, it is hoped that it demonstrates that we can expect much more cooper- ation than Winston Bush had in mind.” For example, in response to J. Patrick Gunning (chapter 6), who argued for the emergence of government on the basis (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3) with both experimental and historical evidence to argue that noncoercive pri- vate mechanisms have emerged to enforce contracts. “Ostracism, injured repu- tation, refusal of future interaction or general boycott, for example, would all be considered indirect means of ‘punishment’ under a non-coercive enforcement mechanism” (chapter 7, page 68). The central message of Anarchy, State and Public Choice is not that the amount of social cooperation under anarchy is always and everywhere greater than under government, but rather that the level of cooperation among self-inter- ested individuals is greater than we might imagine. Seen from this perspective, it should be viewed as a complement, rather than a substitute, to the volumes to