Anarchism in Korea 34314_SP_HWA_FM_00I-xiv.indd 1 9/30/2016 6:04:02 PM SUNY series in Global Modernity ————— Arif Dirlik, editor 34314_SP_HWA_FM_00I-xiv.indd 2 9/30/2016 6:04:02 PM Anarchism in Korea Independence, Transnationalism, and the Question of National Development, 1919–1984 Dongyoun Hwang 34314_SP_HWA_FM_00I-xiv.indd 3 9/30/2016 6:04:02 PM Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2016 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu Production, Ryan Morris Marketing, Michael Campochiaro Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hwang, Dongyoun, author. Title: Anarchism in Korea : independence, transnationalism, and the question of national development, 1919–1984 / Dongyoun Hwang. Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, 2016. | Series: SUNY series in global modernity | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015036649| ISBN 9781438461670 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781438461694 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Anarchism—Korea—History—20th century. | Korean resistance movements, 1905–1945. | Nationalism and socialism— Korea—20th century. Classification: LCC HX948.H83 2016 | DDC 335/.83095190904—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015036649 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 34314_SP_HWA_FM_00I-xiv.indd 4 9/30/2016 6:04:02 PM Contents Acknowledgments vii A Note on Romanization xiii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Beyond Independence: The Dawn of Korean Anarchism in China 19 Chapter 2 The Wind of Anarchism in Japan 57 Chapter 3 Pushing the Limits in Colonial Korea 89 Chapter 4 Korean Anarchists in Wartime China and Japan 117 Chapter 5 Deradicalized Anarchism and the Question of National Development, 1945–1984 157 Conclusion 209 Notes 221 Bibliography 259 Index 281 34314_SP_HWA_FM_00I-xiv.indd 5 9/30/2016 6:04:02 PM 34314_SP_HWA_FM_00I-xiv.indd 6 9/30/2016 6:04:02 PM Acknowledgments By scholarly training I am a specialist in modern Chinese history. So, my journey to complete this study has been a pleasant deviation from my academic expertise and plan. I wrote a paper on Korean anarchism for Professor Arif Dirlik in my first semester as a doctoral student at Duke University. It was a very rough one, and I buried it in my document folder for more than a decade. In September 2003, I was developing it to present at a conference he was organizing at the University of Oregon. Since then, I have greatly enjoyed thinking and writing about anarchism in Korea, because I realized, somewhat belatedly, the significance of the subject after the conference. Need- less to say, I am deeply indebted to Arif Dirlik, my former adviser at Duke, for not only teaching me with patience and affection about modern Chinese intellectual history but for guiding me to go beyond my specialty to understand a much broader history. Without his pas- sionate encouragement and intellectual stimulation, this study would have never been made possible. A number of my Korean colleagues deserve my gratitude for their assistance and support. Dr. Yi Horyong kindly responded to my call for help and introduced many materials to me, when I had just begun my research on this subject a decade ago. Dr. Oh Jang-Whan also helped me with several rare materials and shared information about Korean anarchism with me. Dr. Lee Hyun-Joo at the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs provided me with the Ministry’s publica- tions on Korean independence movement, and Professor Jo Sehyeon shared with me some Chinese and Japanese articles. Professor Baik Young-seo, former director of the Institute for Korean Studies at Yonsei University, offered me several opportunities to talk about my research on Korean anarchism at various occasions before many Korean spe- cialists from whom I learned a lot and was encouraged with valuable vii 34314_SP_HWA_FM_00I-xiv.indd 7 9/30/2016 6:04:02 PM viii Acknowledgments comments, for which I thank him. Among others at Yonsei, Professors Yim Sung-Mo and Kim Sung-Bo showed their interest in my research and provided me with various supports whenever I visited Yonsei over past years. In particular, Professor Yim as a modern Japanese historian introduced me to some Japanese literature on Korean and/ or Japanese anarchism. Professors Lee Sang-Euy, Jo Kyung Ran, and Sin Ju Back, all at Yonsei, offered me various comments. I particularly benefited from Professor Sin’s comments as a discussant at my talk in March 2014, which made me rethink the structure of this book and my approach. During my stay at Yonsei in 2008 and 2014, I met several graduate students, who were very willing to offer their unconditional assistance and support to their “senior.” I want to express my special thanks to Mr. Lee Han-Gyeol and the late Ms. Lee Hwa-jung for the materials and articles they introduced me to. I would also like to thank Professors Ban Byung-yul at Han- kuk University of Foreign Studies, Kim Kyeong-il at the Academy of Korean Studies, and Jeong Seon-tae at Kookmin University for their comments and interest. My thanks also go to Professors Bang Kwang Suk, Chung Moon Sang, Jeon In Gap, Choi Won-shik, Yim Hyung- taek, Lee Seong-Paik, Kim Seung Wook, Park Jin-su, Kwon Hee-ju, Choi Sung-sil, Kim Jang Hwan, Ha Se Bong, and Lee Hun Sang for their support and interest in my study on various occasions. Professor Emeritus Chong Key Ray gave me special support and encourage- ment. Professors Chung Byung Ho, Kim Gye-ja, Kim Hyo-soon, Yokoji Keiko, and Hibi Yoshitaka, all of whom I met in October 2013 at Korea University, encouraged me to pursue my regional perspective. I am also grateful to Roxann Prazniak, Rob Wilson, Bruce Cumings, Bryna Goodman, Tomoko Aoyama, Jesse Cohn, and Park Sunyoung for their interest, help, encouragement, or comments on various occasions. I would also like to thank two anonymous readers for the SUNY Press for their insightful comments and helpful suggestions. In the years that were spent to write this book the most crucial help in terms of materials was provided by those at the Institute for the Study of National Culture (Gungmin munhwa yeon-guso). To name them: Mr. Lee Mun-Chang, the late Mr. Jo Gwanghae, Mr. Song Heon- jo, Mr. Um Dong-il, and Mr. Nam Yi-haeng, as well as Professors Oh Jang-Whan and Kim Myeongseop. Mr. Lee particularly spared his precious time with me to answer my questions and tell me about his experiences after 1945. I am also deeply grateful to Mr. Kim Young- Chun, Ms. Park Jeong-Hee, and Mr. Sin Nage, all at the Society to 34314_SP_HWA_FM_00I-xiv.indd 8 9/30/2016 6:04:02 PM Acknowledgments ix Commemorate Yu Rim (Yu Rim gi-nyeom sa-eophoe). In particular, Mr. Kim not only provided his writings and materials on Yu Rim but spent long time with me on two different occasions to share his view on the history of Korean anarchism. He also traveled with me to the town of Anui where he arranged my meeting with Mr. Yi Dongwon and my visit to Anui Middle School and High School, respectively. I thank both of them for their enthusiastic support. When I traveled to Tokyo in April 2014 to locate additional materials, I received warm welcome and help from Mr. Park Chan Jung and Mr. Cho Jung Bang, both of the Korea Sports Council in Japan, and President Oh Gong-Tae and Vice President Park An Soon of the Korean Residents Union in Japan. Ms. Lee Mi-Ae at the His- tory Museum of Koreans in Japan gave me a guide to the museum, which helped me think Korean anarchists in Japan within a much broader context of the history of Koreans in Japan. My special thanks should go to Professor Sakai Hirobumi at Hitotsubashi University. I have never met him in person, but he generously responded to my inquiry and even agreed to share with me rare Chinese materials that were utilized in this study and will be further used later in a different project. When I was on my short trip to Quanzhou in June 2015 to visit Liming Vocational University and locate some additional mate- rials there, he also introduced me to Professor Liang Yanli of Fudan University, who in turn introduced me to people at Liming. There I received warm welcome and crucial materials that I used in this study and plan on analyzing further in a different project, for which I thank Professors Wang Qiang, Su Yanming, and Lin Zhanghong, as well as Mr. Zhang Jianliang and Mr. Lin Yali. I also would like to thank my friend from Duke, Zhou Yongming at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, for introducing me to Professor Chen Shaofeng at Beida and Mr. Chen Zong, who helped me with my brief visit to the Quanzhou Library. I have also received supports from my colleagues at Soka Uni- versity of America. My special thanks go to Michael Hays (now retired) and Edward Feasel. Ed, in particular, as the dean of faculty, has supported my research activities in various ways. I also thank Osamu Ishiyama for his help with Japanese translation. And it has been a great joy to work with a group of wonderful undergradu- ate students at Soka. When I taught the Radicalism in Eastern Asia course per request from several students, I benefited a lot from class- room discussion. I particularly want to thank Yuka Kishida (now at 34314_SP_HWA_FM_00I-xiv.indd 9 9/30/2016 6:04:02 PM