ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY A Chemist and Laboratory Technician’s Toolkit BRYAN M. HAM AIHUI MAHAM Copyright©2016byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermitted underSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwritten permissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetothe CopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978) 750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030, (201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. 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Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsite atwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Ham,BryanM. Analyticalchemistry:achemistandlaboratorytechnician’stoolkit/BryanM.Ham,AihuiMaham. pages cm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-118-71484-3(cloth) 1. Chemistry,Analytic–Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Maham,Aihui,1974– II. Title. QD78.H362016 543–dc23 2015018014 CoverimagecourtesyofBryanM.Ham&AihuiMaHam Setin9.5/11.5ptTimesbySPiGlobal,Pondicherry,India PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2016 DEDICATION Thisbook is dedicated to thenewest, most precious addition to ourfamily: our first baby girl. CONTENTS Preface xxiii AuthorBiographies xxv Acknowledgments xxvii 1 ChemistandTechnicianintheAnalyticalLaboratory 1 1.1 Introduction—TheAnalyticalChemistandTechnician, 1 1.2 Today’sLaboratoryChemistandTechnician, 1 1.2.1 ComputersintheLaboratory, 1 1.2.2 LaboratoryInformationManagementSystems(LIMS), 1 1.3 ChemTech—TheChemistandTechnicianToolkitCompanion, 1 1.3.1 IntroductiontoChemTech, 1 1.3.1.1 OpeningChemTech, 2 1.3.1.2 InteractivePeriodicTable, 2 1.4 ChapterLayout, 2 1.4.1 Glassware,Chemicals,andSafety, 2 1.4.2 BasicMathandStatistics, 2 1.4.3 GraphingandPlotting, 4 1.4.4 MakingLaboratorySolutions, 4 1.4.5 TitrimetricAnalysis, 4 1.4.6 Electrochemistry, 5 1.4.7 LaboratoryInformationManagementSystem(orSoftware)LIMS, 5 1.4.8 InstrumentalAnalyses—Spectroscopy, 5 1.4.9 InstrumentalAnalyses—Chromatography, 5 1.4.10 InstrumentalAnalyses—MassSpectrometry, 5 1.4.10.1 MassAnalyzers, 5 1.4.10.2 MassIonization, 5 1.4.11 SmallMoleculeandMacromoleculeAnalysis, 5 1.5 UsersofChemTech, 6 2 IntroductiontotheAnalyticalLaboratory 7 2.1 IntroductiontotheLaboratory, 7 2.1.1 TheScientificMethod, 7 2.2 LaboratoryGlassware, 7 2.2.1 VolumetricFlasks, 7 viii CONTENTS 2.2.2 BeakersandErlenmeyerFlasks, 7 2.2.3 GraduatedCylinders, 8 2.2.4 Pipettes, 8 2.2.4.1 StepsforUsingPipetteBulb(a), 8 2.2.4.2 StepsforUsingPipetteBulb(bandc), 10 2.2.4.3 Autopipettes, 11 2.2.5 EvaporatingDishes, 11 2.2.6 FlamesandFurnacesintheLaboratory, 11 2.2.6.1 BunsenBurners, 11 2.2.6.2 Crucibles, 11 2.2.6.3 AshingSamples, 11 2.2.6.4 MuffleFurnaces, 14 2.2.7 LaboratoryFumeHoods, 14 2.2.8 DryingOvens, 15 2.2.9 Balances, 15 2.2.10 RefrigeratorsandFreezers, 16 2.2.11 TestTubes, 16 2.2.12 SoxhletExtractions, 16 2.2.13 VacuumPumps, 18 2.3 Conclusion, 18 3 LaboratorySafety 19 3.1 Introduction, 19 3.2 ProperPersonalProtectionandAppropriateAttire, 19 3.2.1 ProperEyeProtection, 19 3.2.2 ProperLaboratoryCoats, 20 3.3 ProperShoesandPants, 20 3.4 LaboratoryGloves, 20 3.4.1 NaturalRubber(Latex), 21 3.4.2 Nitrile, 22 3.4.3 Neoprene, 22 3.4.4 Butyl, 22 3.4.5 PolyvinylChloride(PVC), 22 3.4.6 PolyvinylAlcohol(PVA), 22 3.4.7 Viton, 22 3.4.8 SilverShield/4H, 22 3.5 GeneralRulestoUseGloves, 22 3.6 MaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS), 22 3.7 EmergencyEyeWashandFaceWashStations, 23 3.8 EmergencySafetyShowers, 24 3.9 FireExtinguishers, 24 3.9.1 TypesofFires, 24 3.10 ClothingFireintheLaboratory, 25 3.11 SpillCleanupKits, 25 3.12 ChemicalsandSolvents, 27 3.13 FirstAidKits, 27 3.14 GassesandCylinders, 29 3.15 SharpsContainersandBrokenGlassBoxes, 29 3.16 OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA), 29 4 BasicMathematicsintheLaboratory 83 4.1 IntroductiontoBasicMath, 83 4.2 UnitsandMetricSystem, 83 4.2.1 IntroductiontotheMetricSystem, 83 4.2.2 UnitsoftheMetricSystem, 83 4.2.3 ConvertingtheSIUnits, 84