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analysis of self-anchored and ground-anchored suspension bridges PDF

226 Pages·2014·31.54 MB·English
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A - NALYSIS OF SELF ANCHORED - AND GROUND ANCHORED SUSPENSION BRIDGES CATARINA DA CUNHA NUNES DE SÁ MACHADO Dissertação submetida para satisfação parcial dos requisitos do grau de MESTRE EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL — ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM ESTRUTURAS Orientador: Professor Doutor Rui Manuel Meneses Carneiro de Barros Coorientador: Professor Doutor Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl JULHO DE 2014 Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil 2013/2014 DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL Tel. +351-22-508 1901 Fax +351-22-508 1446 ! [email protected] Editado por FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 PORTO Portugal Tel. +351-22-508 1400 Fax +351-22-508 1440 ! [email protected] ! http://www.fe.up.pt Reproduções parciais deste documento serão autorizadas na condição que seja mencionado o Autor e feita referência a Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil - 2012/2013 - Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2013. As opiniões e informações incluídas neste documento representam unicamente o ponto de vista do respetivo Autor, não podendo o Editor aceitar qualquer responsabilidade legal ou outra em relação a erros ou omissões que possam existir. Este documento foi produzido a partir de versão eletrónica fornecida pelo respetivo Autor. Analysis of Self-Anchored and Ground-Anchored Suspension bridges Avô Joaquim, não te dei um último adeus, mas dedico-te este meu trabalho, pelo qual eu sei que ficarias orgulhoso. Também aos meus Pais, Irmã e António por tornarem este sonho realidade. Don’t cry because it is over, smile because it hapenned. Theodor Seuss Geisel Analysis of Self-Anchored and Ground-Anchored Suspension bridges Analysis of Self-Anchored and Ground-Anchored Suspension bridges ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl and the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at University of California Berkeley. Firstly, for accepting my application and considering me worthy of working amongst the world’s top civil engineering students, researchers and Professors. Secondly, for including me in such a relevant, interesting, stimulating and complex project. I am proud and delighted to leave my contribution for it. Moreover, I learned immensely under Professor Astaneh’s supervision. The Professor is altogether one of the most proactive and hard-working Engineers. He is involved in a full agenda of many on-going projects, but he still finds the time to kindly teach and guide his student researchers. I will always keep in mind his wisdom, teachings and kindness as a role model for my future work. I would also like to leave my sincere gratefulness to Professor Rui Carneiro de Barros, not only for his essential help during my initial application process, but also for always sparing his precious time for this research. Furthermore, I would like to thank him for always being so understanding and practical. It was fundamental for my work and well being to know I had encouragement and support back in Portugal. In a more personal note, I would like to thank my parents and family who has supported me unconditionally at all times. Without them this opportunity would not have been possible. Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends, all of them in different ways contributed for my happiness and personality, but also in my studies and learning: - To António, best friend and supporter through better and harder times. - M. João and Francisco P., for an unexpected but altogether brilliant and amazing friendship that will last way beyond the Structural Engineering intense semester. Not only are they among the most intelligent people I came to know, but also the funniest and generous. - To both Pedro F. (Ferreira and Fonseca) who were always by my side on this 5-year journey. All the hours spent together were priceless. - To Sérgio P. a patient friend and crisis manager that always has a kind and reassuring word. - To all my new friends from all over the world, for the unforgettable, amazingly unbelievable moments they provided me during this semester abroad. Indeed, their support and motivation was fundamental in the hardest times. i Analysis of Self-Anchored and Ground-Anchored Suspension bridges ii Analysis of Self-Anchored and Ground-Anchored Suspension bridges ABSTRACT The new self-anchored suspension span of the East San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge is the main subject of study of this research project. It was completed and opened to traffic on September 2013. It is an asymmetric single-tower self-anchored suspension bridge. Instead of the conventional ground- anchored system used for most suspension bridges, this design has the main cable anchorages on the deck. The aim of this research is a comparative study between self-anchored and ground-anchored suspension bridge systems. This study focus mainly on Gravity analysis, but also partially in Dynamic analysis. For the comparison, different complex finite-element models were studied, developed and analyzed for global analysis. These models were studied during an initial stage of design and the next step of calculating and introducing prestressing in suspender cables is not taken into consideration. This last process was studied, but it is not so relevant for a comparative study, since the main purpose of cable prestress it to annul the effect of dead and live loads on the deck deformed shape, by introducing prestress force in the cables. The new East Bay Bridge is currently the largest self-anchored suspension span of its kind in the world. Nonetheless, this ambitious design is controversial and faced innumerous design and construction issues. It was designed after a partial collapse of the upper-deck of the previous East Bay Bridge, which had a steel truss system. The location, design and structural elements are explained in detail. Moreover, a summary of the major construction issues is provided to contextualize this study and for a full understanding of the Bay Bridge project. Fractured rods, steel corrosion, weld quality among other construction issues resulted from the complex erection method that the self-anchored span required. As a matter of fact, a simpler erection method would not only have reduced the six and half billion dollar final cost, but also would have avoided many construction quality problems. After a thorough study of the existing bridge, a finite-element model replicating the geometry, section, materials and other properties of the self-anchored span was analyzed under Dead and Live load combination. The model components and analysis parameters are fully described. The complex geometry is replicated by means of shell elements for deck, tower and foundation pile caps, frame elements for piers and truss elements for cables. Also, a highly nonlinear analysis is required due to the existence of suspension cables. The bridge displacement, force and stress calculations are performed at the end of a nonlinear load case, which includes P-Δ and large displacements effects. The deformed shape and tension of the cable needed to be taken as initial conditions for the structural calculation. From the initial self-anchored model (SAS), three ground-anchored finite-element models (GAS) were created. It was a process of design optimization, derived from the results of analysis of each GAS model created. In the end, there were two GAS models that performed well. The results for nonlinear Static analysis (Gravity) are then plotted and compared, as well as results of the modal and time-history analysis. Modal analysis results are presented for GAS models. Time- history analysis is performed with multi-support excitation for one set of ground-motion. At last, some conclusions are drawn, mainly based on the Gravity results. KEYWORDS: Self-anchored Bay Bridge; Ground-anchored suspension bridge; Finite-element; Gravity analysis; Comparative study iii Analysis of Self-Anchored and Ground-Anchored Suspension bridges iv Analysis of Self-Anchored and Ground-Anchored Suspension bridges RESUMO A mais recente travessia entre São Francisco e Oakland - East Bay Bridge é a principal estrutura estudada nesta dissertação. Mais concretamente, o troço suspenso com ancoragem no próprio tabuleiro. A sua construção foi terminada em Setembro de 2013 e aberta ao tráfego automóvel. É uma ponte suspensa com uma torre apenas entre vãos assimétricos e cujas ancoragens do cabo principal estão localizadas no próprio tabuleiro da ponte. Este tipo de ancoragem difere totalmente do método de bloco no solo mais frequentemente usado. O principal objectivo deste trabalho é um estudo comparativo entre pontes suspensas com ancoragem no próprio tabuleiro e pontes suspensas com bloco de ancoragem no solo. Este estudo será realizado principalmente para análise estática gravítica, mas também em parte para análise dinâmica. Para a comparação, modelos de elementos finitos foram estudados, desenvolvidos e analisados para análise global. Estes modelos foram calculados e analisados para uma fase inicial de dimensionamento, na qual não se considerou o pré-esforço a introduzir posteriormente nos cabos de suspensão. Esta última fase foi estudada e compreendida, mas não é relevante para o estudo. De facto, este pré-esforço é calculado e introduzido nos cabos de suspensão de modo a anular o efeito das cargas estáticas para a deformada do tabuleiro (de modo a colocar o tabuleiro praticamente na sua posição indeformada). Esta recente East Bay Bridge é de momento a maior ponte suspensa ancorada no próprio tabuleiro, para o seu tipo (torre única) no Mundo. No entanto, este projeto tem tanto de ambicioso como de controverso e deparou-se com inúmeros problemas de construção. Esta ponte veio substituir a anterior Bay Bridge, ponte metálica treliçada, a qual sofreu um colapso parcial do tabuleiro superior durante o terramoto de 1989. Para melhor compreensão do projeto, a localização, condições e elementos estruturais são apresentados em detalhe. Igualmente, foi feita uma descrição dos problemas de construção (corrosão, rotura de parafusos, soldaduras) para contextualizar a relevância deste presente estudo. De facto, este problemas estão muito relacionados com o complexo método de construção necessário para uma ponte suspensa ancorada no próprio tabuleiro. Um método de construção mais simples poderia reduzir o custo final de seis biliões e meio de dólares, bem como evitar os problemas supramencionados. Um modelo com a geometria, seções, materiais e outras propriedades do vão suspenso será analisado para combinação de cargas e totalmente descrito neste trabalho. São utilizados elementos de membrana para tabuleiro, torre e maciço de fundação; elementos coluna para os pilares, vigas de encabeçamento e estacas de fundação; e elementos treliçados para os cabos. A análise é altamente não linear devido ao elemento cabo. O cálculo de deslocamentos, forças e tensões na estrutura incluem efeitos de não-lineariedade geométricas (P-Δ e grandes deslocamentos), pois a deformada e tensão dos cabos necessitam de ser consideradas a priori para o cálculo da estrutura. Partindo de um modelo SAS inicial (self-anchored span), três modelos GAS com ancoragem exterior (ground-anchored span) serão desenvolvidos. Foi um processo de optimização, através dos resultados obtidos para cada modelo. Os resultados relevantes obtidos serão apresentados e comparados para análise estática, mas também para análise modal e dinâmica. A análise dinâmica tem diferentes funções para diferentes fundações, devido a condições geológicas. Por fim, algumas conclusões são apresentadas com base nos resultados da modelação efectuada. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: East Bay Bridge; Ponte suspensa ancorada no tabuleiro; ancoragem exterior; Elementos finitos; estudo comparativo; Análise estática e dinâmica v Analysis of Self-Anchored and Ground-Anchored Suspension bridges vi

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anchored system used for most suspension bridges, this design has the main cable anchorages on the materials and other properties of the self-anchored span was analyzed under Dead and Live load Microstructural exam: non-homogenous material, with layers of ferrite and pearlite between.
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