Report No. FHWA-NJ-2008-05 Analysis of Fatal Accidents in New Jersey Final Report June 2008 Submitted by Yusuf Mehta Rowan University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering H. Clay Gabler Virginia Tech Department of Mechanical Engineering NJDOT Research Project Manager Edward Kondrath In cooperation with New Jersey Department of Transportation Bureau of Research Trenton, NJ 08625 DISCLAIMER STATEMENT The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the New Jersey Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA-NJ-2008-05 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Analysis of Fatal Accidents in New Jersey – Final Report June 2008 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Y. Mehta (Rowan) and H.C. Gabler (Virginia Tech) Report No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Rowan University College of Engineering 11. Contract or Grant No. NJ Research 2007-05 Glassboro, NJ 08028 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period New Jersey Department of Transportation Covered Bureau of Research P.O. Box 600 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Trenton, NJ 08625-0600 15. Supplementary Notes Project Manager: Edward Kondrath, NJDOT 16. Abstract In 2005 there were 691 fatal crashes and 748 fatalities in New Jersey. The data necessary to adequately understand fatal crashes are not readily available to New Jersey policy makers. The research program has developed a pilot system which links fatal crash data with other associated state data files. This research project has considered the following four databases: (1) New Jersey Crash Records, (2) the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission Fatal Accident Database, (3) Fatal Analysis Reporting System (FARS), and (4) the New Jersey State Police Fatal Investigations Division database. By linking these databases, there is an opportunity to investigate the root causes of fatalities in ways that are not possible through analysis of a single database. The project has used New Jersey fatal crash data to conduct two case studies, one on teen driver risk and one on elderly driver risk, to demonstrate the value of a linked data system. 17. Key Word 18. Distribution Statement Highway Crash Fatality and Injury New Jersey 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this 21. No. of Pages 22. Price page) 119 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the New Jersey Department of Transportation for their support of this research effort. Specifically, we would like to thank Don Borowski, Scott McNear, and Paul Southard of the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission, William Beans, Ed Kondrath, and Camille Crichton-Sumners of the NJDOT Bureau of Research and Karen Yunk of the Federal Highway Administration. In addition, the research team would like to acknowledge Sgt Robert Parlow and Jayeshkumar Patel from the New Jersey State Police. We would like to thank William Dowler, New Jersey Office of Information Technology, for his assistance in using the NJDOT Data Warehouse. We also wish to acknowledge Craig Thor, a graduate student at Virginia Tech, for his assistance in the project. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgments..............................................................................................ii Table of Contents...............................................................................................iii List of Figures....................................................................................................iv List of Tables......................................................................................................vi 1. Summary...................................................................................................7 2. Introduction and Background...............................................................10 3. Objective.................................................................................................12 4. Current Practice and Experiences in Traffic Database Linkage ........13 5. Description of New Jersey Fatality Databases....................................31 6. Evaluation of Fatal Crash Reporting in New Jersey ...........................38 7. Preliminary Analysis of Fatal Accidents in New Jersey.....................40 8. Evaluation of Young Driver Fatality Risk in New Jersey....................44 9. Evaluation of the Crash Fatality Risk for Older Adults.......................50 Appendix A – Survey Form on NJ Fatal Accident Databases.......................62 Appendix B – MVC Fatal File Format ..............................................................63 Appendix C – NJCRASH Data Elements Exported to MVC-..........................65 Appendix D – New Jersey State Police Fatal Database.................................68 Appendix E – Fatal Accident Reporting System Database...........................73 Appendix E – U.S. and International Roadway or Crash Related Data Linkage Projects...............................................................................................79 iii List of Figures Figure 1. Fatality accidents are complex events. Determining their root causes requires detailed data on driver behavior, vehicle performance, and roadway design..........................................................................................................10 Figure 2. Interrelationships between Fatality Databases in New Jersey............36 Figure 3. Annual percentages of time period that NJTR-1 and SP forms are received.......................................................................................................39 Figure 4. Annual totals of time period that NJTR-1 and SP forms are received.39 Figure 5. New Jersey Fatalities 1991-2005 (FARS 1991-2005).........................40 Figure 6. Intoxicated Drivers involved in Fatal Crashes in New Jersey 1986-2005 (NJSP )........................................................................................................41 Figure 7. Distribution of Injuries by Safety Belt Use (NJCrash 2005).................42 Figure 8. NJ Driver Fatalities by Age, N=2111 (NJCRASH 2005)......................43 Figure 9. NJ Driver involved in crashes by Age (NJCRASH 2005)....................43 Figure 10. New Jersey Traffic Fatalities from 1991-2005...................................45 Figure 11. Distribution of NJ Traffic Fatalities incurred by persons 15-20 years old from 2003-2005......................................................................................45 Figure 12. Distribution of NJ Traffic Fatalities by Gender for each age group from 2004-2006....................................................................................................46 Figure 13. Distribution of NJ Traffic Fatalities by Belt Usage for each age group from 2004-2006...........................................................................................47 Figure 14. Drivers involved in fatal crashes in NJ by alcohol involvement and age (FARS2004-2006).................................................................................48 Figure 15. Distribution of License Type carried by Younger Drivers involved in fatal crashes in NJ (FARS2004-2006).........................................................49 Figure 16. Status of License for Drivers involved in fatal crashes in NJ (FARS2004-2006)........................................................................................49 Figure 17. New Jersey Traffic Fatalities from 1991-2005...................................51 Figure 18. Age Distribution of persons involved in New Jersey traffic accidents (NJCRASH 2005) ........................................................................................52 Figure 19. New Jersey Traffic Fatalities by age (FARS 2001-2005)..................52 Figure 20. Age Distribution of New Jersey Fatalities by Safety Belt Usage (FARS 2004-2006)..................................................................................................53 Figure 21. Distribution of NJ Traffic Fatalities by Gender for each age group from 2004-2006....................................................................................................54 Figure 22. Distribution of NJ Traffic Fatalities incurred by Victim’s Vehicle Type (FARS 2002-2006).......................................................................................54 Figure 23. Distribution of Driver Ages in New Jersey Traffic Crashes (NJCRASH 2005) ...........................................................................................................55 Figure 24. Drivers involved in fatal crashes in NJ by alcohol involvement and age (FARS2004-2006).................................................................................56 Figure 25. Drivers involved in fatal crashes in NJ by lighting condition at time of accident (FARS2001-2006).........................................................................56 iv Figure 26. Drivers involved in fatal crashes in NJ by location of accident site to a traffic intersection (FARS2001-2006)..........................................................57 Figure 27. Drivers involved in fatal crashes in NJ by type of roadway (FARS2001-2006)........................................................................................58 Figure 28. Proportion of Drivers in an age group who blacked-out or who was identified as ill and was involved in a fatal crash (FARS 2002-2006)...........59 Figure 29. Relative Frequency of Crash-Related Factors for Drivers involved in NJ fatal crashes by Age Group (FARS2001-2006)......................................60 v List of Tables Table 1. Participating CODES stated as of August 2005 (NHTSA, 2005a)........28 Table 2. Responses to Fatality Database Survey..............................................33 Table 3. Annual totals of time period that NJTR-1 and SP forms are received..38 Table 4. NJMVC Fatal File.................................................................................63 Table 5. New Jersey State Police Fatal Database Data Element Descriptions..68 Table 6. FARS Accident Table............................................................................73 Table 7. FARS Vehicle Table..............................................................................74 Table 8. FARS Person Table..............................................................................76 Table 9. U.S. Roadway or Crash Related Data Linkage Projects......................80 Table 10. International Roadway or Crash Related Data Linkage Projects.......85 Table 11. Summary of State DOT Experiences and Plans for Data Linkage Projects........................................................................................................87 Table 12. Summary of CODES Experiences with Data Linkage Projects: Issues .....................................................................................................................94 Table 13. Summary of CODES Experiences with Data Linkage Projects: Issues .....................................................................................................................96 vi 1. Summary In 2005 there were 691 fatal crashes and 748 fatalities in New Jersey. The data necessary to adequately understand fatal crashes are not readily available to New Jersey policy makers. The research program has developed a pilot system which links fatal crash data with other associated state data files. This research project has considered the following four databases: (1) New Jersey Crash Records, (2) the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission Fatal Accident Database, (3) Fatal Analysis Reporting System (FARS), and (4) the New Jersey State Police Fatal Investigations Division database. By linking these databases, there is an opportunity to investigate the root causes of fatalities in ways that are not possible through analysis of a single database. The project has used New Jersey fatal crash data to conduct two case studies, one on teen driver risk and one on elderly driver risk, to demonstrate the value of a comprehensive fatality data system. Comprehensive Database of NJ Fatalities The source of all traffic fatality data is the NJTR-1 Police Accident report. The information is sent to the NJMVC, NJDOT Office of Information Technology (OIT) and NJSP depending on the municipality. All the data is eventually stored in the NJSP fatality database and checked for accuracy. The research team concluded that the NJSP database already serves as a comprehensive fatality database. In 2008, a consortium of New Jersey state agencies using highway accident released the NJ CRASH Data Warehouse which contains all NJ Crash Records including those records for fatal crashes. In addition, the research showed that only a fraction of the data is received by the respective agencies in a timely fashion. The data from the NJTR-1 is supposed to be submitted to NJSP within 24 hours of the crash. This would allow the NJSP to initiate any action necessary if the perpetrator is still at-large. Every effort should be made to send the data to NJSP, NMVC, and NJDOT within the stipulated time outlined in the Fatal Crash reporting protocol. Younger Driver Crash Fatality Risk Approximately 100 younger persons (aged 15-20) die each year in New Jersey in traffic crashes. This project investigated the characteristics of these crashes and found the following: • Most young persons killed in traffic fatalities were occupants of a passenger vehicle (82%) in 2003-2005. Pedestrians accounted for 9% of the fatalities while motorcycle riders accounted for 7% of the fatalities for persons 15-20 years old. Although most safety initiatives rightfully focus on teens and other young persons in their cars, it is important to keep in mind that nearly 1 in 5 young persons is not an occupant of a car or light truck. 7 • For teens, two-thirds of the fatalities were male. This likely reflects the increased risk taking behavior which is characteristic of many male drivers. • In 2006, New Jersey belt use rates were 90% - among the highest in the nation. Over half of all fatally injured younger persons were unbelted. Put another way 10% of vehicle occupants account for over half of the fatalities in New Jersey. • Approximately 20% of younger drivers involved in fatal crashes had been drinking. Drinking is not permitted until age 21 in New Jersey. • Over 70% of licensed younger drivers involved in fatal crashes had a full license, while over 20% had either a learner’s permit or an intermediate GDL license. Lack of a license does not seem to be an issue for these younger drivers: 6% of all younger drivers involved in fatal crashes did not have a license. An additional, 8% of younger drivers involved in fatal crashes were driving on a suspended license. Older Adult Crash Fatality Risk In 2006, 134 older adults were fatally injured in traffic crashes in New Jersey. This project investigated the characteristics of these crashes and found the following: • Older adults comprised less than 8% of all persons exposed to traffic crashes in New Jersey, but accounted for 20% of all New Jersey traffic crash fatalities per year. This underscores the fragility of older persons in traffic crashes. • Most older adults killed in traffic fatalities were occupants of a passenger vehicle (67%). Fatally-injured older adults in motor vehicles were belted (64%). Surprisingly, more than 1 in 4 (27%) of all fatally-injured older adults were pedestrians. • Alcohol use does not appear to be less a risk factor for older adult drivers than for young drivers. Only 6% of older adult drivers involved in fatal crashes had been drinking, as compared to 18% of younger drivers. • Nearly 80% of fatal accidents involving older adult drivers in New Jersey occurred in daylight. This statistic suggests that older drivers may be choosing to avoid driving at night either because of self-regulation or because of licensing restrictions. • Most fatal accidents involving older adult drivers in New Jersey (46%) occurred at an intersection. In contrast, both teen and adult drivers aged 21- 8