ANALYSIS OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA OKONKWO MARIUS CHUKWUJEKWU B.Sc. (Hons.) Botany (Jos) M. Sc. Environmental and Resource Planning, (Jos) PGES/UJ/14150/02 A Thesis in the DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND PLANNING, Faculty of Environmental Sciences Submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies, University of Jos in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the DEGREE of DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY in Environmental and Resource Planning of the University of Jos. NOVEMBER, 2010 ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this work is the product of my own research efforts, undertaken under the supervision of Professor, A. A. Adepetu and Dr. E. A. Olowolafe and has not been presented elsewhere for the award of a degree or certificate. All sources have been duly distinguished and appropriately acknowledged. __________________________________ Okonkwo, Marius Chukwujekwu PGES/UJ/14150/02 iii CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the research work for this thesis and the subsequent preparation of this thesis by Okonkwo, Marius Chukwujekwu with Matriculation number PGES/UJ/14150/02 was carried out under our supervision. _______________________ _________________ Prof. A. A. Adepetu Date (Supervisor) ___________________________ _________________ Dr. E. A. Olowolafe Date (Co-Supervisor) ___________________________ _________________ Dr. J.Y. Dung Gwon Date (Head of Department) Department of Geography and planning iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the successful completion of this research work, I am first and foremost grateful to the Almighty God for giving me the strength and health to accomplish this programme. His divine mercies made it possible for this research work to be a reality. I wish to express my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to my supervisor, Professor A .A. Adepetu and my co-supervisor Dr. E. A. Olowolafe, for supervising this work and for their patience, guidance and encouragement throughout my year of study. Their constructive criticism, suggestions, advice and support have been the hallmark for the productive end of this study. I am grateful to the head of department, Dr. J. Y. Dung Gwom, for his encouragement and support throughout the duration of the programme. I am indebted to my team of advisers especially Professor A. C. Eziashi for his cooperation and moral support. My thanks go to Professor V. C. Ihemegbulem, Professor .E. C. Orji, Professor P. C. Ofojekwu, Dr.F.N. Onumadu, Dr. D.D. Dabi, Dr. C. Y. Oche, Dr. M.O. Osagbemi, and Dr. F. I. Okpiliya, who had contributed in one way or the other to see to the completion of this programme. I appreciate the special love and cooperation I enjoyed from other members of staff (academic and non – academic) of the department. I wish to express my profound gratitude to the Executive Director Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria Professor S. O. Badejo, the provost Federal College of Forestry, Mr. B.O. Omoayena, my colleges; Mr. O. Owa, , Mr. C. O. Ayeni, Mr. R. Adewoye, I. A Kareem, Dr. S. Adepoju, Mr. A. C. Mgbojikwe, Mr .A. Ampitan and v Mr. A.B. Salaudeen. My sincere gratitude goes to Miss Blessing Ofurum, Mrs. Tina Musa and Mr. Yakubu Musa who made the typing of this project possible. I remain grateful to Alhaji Idris Abubakar, Yaradua Abubakar, Director and staff of Katsina State Forestry, coordinator of Afforestation projects in Katsina state, who assisted me in no small measure during my field work. I acknowledge greatly the encouragement I got from my academic mentor late Mr. E.A.U. Umeokafor of blessed memory, may his gentle soul rest in perfect peace with the Lord, Amen. I am deeply indebted to my Late father Mr. Timothy Okonkwo and my mother Mrs. Elizabeth Okonkwo for the support and care given me to attain to my present status. I say a big thank you to my lovely wife Mrs. Caroline Okonkwo. Her continuous stay by my side at each stage of the research is a source of joy and encouragement. To my children Uche, Chinwe and Emeka Okonkwo I say a big thank you. vi DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to my late beloved father late Mr. Timothy Okonkwo who passed away without reaping what he had sown for several years. May his gently soul and the souls of all the faithful departed rest in perfect peace with the Lord, Amen. vii TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE - - - - - - - - i DECLARATION - - - - - - - - ii CERTIFICATION - - - - - - - - iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - - - - - - - iv DEDICATION - - - - - - - - - vi TABLE OF CONTENT - - - - - - - vii LIST OF TABLES - - - - - - - - xiv LIST OF FIGURES - - - - - - - - xvi LIST OF PLATES - - - - - - - - xvii ABSTRACT - - - - - - - - - xviii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY - - - - - 1 1.2 THE STUDY PROBLEM - - - - - - 4 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY - - - - 5 1.4 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY - - - - - 6 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY - - - - - 7 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY - - - - - - 7 1.7 STUDY AREA - - - - - - - 8 1.7.1 Location - - - - - - - - - 8 viii 1.7.2 Climate - - - - - - - - - 9 i Rainfall - - - - - - - 9 ii Temperature - - - - - - - 11 iii Relative Humidity - - - - - - 14 iv Wind and Wind Patterns - - - - - 14 1.7.3 Historical Background - - - - - - 14 1.7.4 Geology - - - - - - - - 18 1.7.5 Hydrology - - - - - - - - 18 1.7.6 Landform - - - - - - - - 21 1.7.7 Soil - - - - - - - - - 23 1.7.8 Mineral Resources - - - - - - - 24 1.7.9 Vegetation and Ecological Zones - - - - - 24 1.7.10 Katsina State Landuse - - - - - - 27 1.7.11 Population Structure and Distribution - - - - 28 1.7.12 Settlement - - - - - - - - 29 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - 30 2.2 DEFINITION AND CONCEPT OF AGROFORESTRY - - 31 2.3 HISTORY OF AGROFORESTRY - - - - - 36 2.4 IMPORTANCE OF AGROFORESTRY - - - - 42 2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF AGROFORESTRY - - - - 43 ix 2 .6 ECOLOGICAL BENEFIT OF AGROFORESTRY- - - - 45 2.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF AGROFORESTRY- - - 47 2.8 VRIETY OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES (SYSTEM) IN NIGERIA 50 2.8.1 Taungya Farming - - - - - - - 50 2.8.2 Integrated Taungya - - - - - - - 51 2.8.3 Improved Fallow in Shifting Cultivation - - - - 51 2.8.4 Alley Cropping (hedge row intercropping) - - - 52 2.8.5 Alley Farming - - - - - - - - 53 2.8.6 Shelterbelts - - - - - - - - 53 2.8.7 Windbreaks - - - - - - - - 54 2.8.8 Home Garden - - - - - - - - 54 2.8.9 Multipurpose Trees on Cropland(trees on farmland farm forestry)- 55 2.8.10 Trees in Soil Conservation - - - - - - 56 2.8.11 Aqua Forestry - - - - - - - 57 2.8.12 Apiculture (api - silviculture) - - - - - 57 2.8.13 Protein Bank - - - - - - - 58 2.9 AGROFORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY - 58 2.10 PROFITABILITY ISSUES IN AGROFORESTRY- - - - 62 2.11 RURAL PARTICIPATORY FOCUS FOR AGROFORESTRY - - 63 2.12 GENDER ISSUES IN AGROFORESTRY - - - - 65 2.13 INCENTIVES FOR AGROFORESTRY - - - - 66 2.14 CONSTRAINTS TO ADOPTION OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES 67 x CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - 69 3.2 DATA REQUIREMENT - - - - - - 69 3.3 DATA SOURCES -- - - - - - - 70 3.4 DATA COLLECTION METHODS - - - - - 71 3.5 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE - - - - - 72 3.6 SAMPLING FRAME AND PROCEDURE - - - - 72 3.7 QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT AND ADMINISTRATION- - - 75 3.8 TEST OF RELIABILITY - - - - - - 76 3.9 MODE OF DATA PRESENTATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS- 76 3.10 STATISTICAL METHOD - - - - - - 79 CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 SOCIO-CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS- 80 4.1.1 Distribution of Respondents by Sex - - - - 80 4.1.2 Distribution of Respondents by Age - - - - 82 4.1.3 Marital Status of Respondents - - - - - 84 4.1.4 Respondents Literacy Attainment - - - - - 86 4.1.5 Respondents Land Tenure Mode - - - - - 88 4.2 ACTIVITIES OF GOVERNMENT/INTENATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ON AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN KATSINA STATE - - 90 4.2.1 Katsina Agricultural and Rural Development Authority