Stadium Engineering Peter Culley and John Pascoe (eds) Publishedby Thomas TelfordPublishing,ThomasTelfordLtd, 1 HeronQuay,London E144JD. www.thomastelford.com DistributorsforThomasTelfordbooksare USA:ASCEPress,1801AlexanderBellDrive,Reston,VA20191-4400 Japan:MaruzenCo.Ltd,BookDepartment,3–10Nihonbashi2-chome,Chuo-ku,Tokyo103 Australia:DABooksandJournals,648WhitehorseRoad,Mitcham3132,Victoria Thefrontandbackcoverimagesareofstadiawithclosingroofs. Frontcover:MillerPark,MilwaukeeBrewersBaseballClub,Wisconsin,USA–showing uniquefan-shapedconvertible roof.Inauguration2001,capacityis42400:183mspan, 100mhigh.ImagecourtesyofTimGriffiths,#2001. Back cover: Wembley Arch, new English national stadium, Wembley, London, UK – will have the world’s widest single-span stadium roof and house the world’s tallest stadiumstructure. Inauguration2006, capacitywill be 90000: 315m span,134m high. ImagescourtesyofSimonAtkinson,#2005. Firstpublished2005 AlsoavailablefromThomasTelfordBooks Analysis,designandconstructionofsteelspaceframes.G.S.Ramaswamy,M.Eekhoutand G.R.Suresh.ISBN0727730142 Structuraldetailinginsteel.M.Y.H.Bangash.ISBN0727728504 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:072773217X #AuthorsandThomasTelfordLimited2005 All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishing Director, Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, LondonE144JD. Thisbookispublishedontheunderstandingthattheauthorsaresolelyresponsibleforthe statementsmadeandopinionsexpressedinitandthatitspublicationdoesnotnecessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liabilityorresponsibilitycanbeacceptedinthisrespectbytheauthorsorpublisher. TypesetbyAcademicþTechnical,Bristol PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyMPGBooks,Bodmin,Cornwall This book is about the adventure, excitement and satisfaction of stadium engineering design. It is dedicated to Professor Ronald G. Taylor (1916–2003) a great engineer who developed wide- span structures and inspired designers to think big – then bigger. The visualisation of a tennis court roof structure was commissioned by Ron Taylor c.1970.PhotographcourtesyofFelixFonteyn Contents Preface vii Foreword ix About the editors x Introduction xi DerekWilson Stadium development xiii SimonInglis Part One 1 1 Site appraisal 3 TimChapman 2 Sustainable development:a strategyforthe steel construction sector 14 GrahamRaven 3 Steelin stadium engineering 22 PeterCulleyandJohnPascoe 4 Fac¸ade engineering –steeland glass fac¸ades 26 RogerHowick 5 Detailing 31 PeterCulleyandJohnPascoe Part Two 33 6 Blast engineering in sports stadia 35 JurekTolloczko 7 Fireengineering in sports stadia 38 JohnDowling,BrianKirby,IanSmithandMickGreen 8 Dynamic performance of stands 46 MichaelWillford 9 Acoustics 54 JimGriffiths v STADIUM ENGINEERING ......................................................................................................................................................... Part Three 63 10 Sight lines and seating 65 PeterCulleyandJohnPascoe 11 Underterrace accommodation 72 PeterCulleyandJohnPascoe 12 Stadium circulation 77 AllanGooch 13 Suites and club-type facilities 81 PeterCulleyandJohnPascoe 14 Crowd safety and control 88 GordonHarris 15 Climate control 93 PeterCulleyandJohnPascoe 16 Stadium signage 101 PeterCulleyandJohnPascoe 17 Symbiosis between natureand advanced technologies 109 KishoKurokawa 18 Case studies 117 DesignandconstructionoftheMillenniumStadiumroof,Cardiff 117 Horseracing, Newmarket 128 The construction of the City of ManchesterStadium roof 141 The steel roof of No. 1 Tennis Court Stadium at Wimbledon AELTCC 152 Appendices 161 A. Pitch dimensions, boundaries andlayouts 163 B. Euro 2004, Portugal – the host stadia 167 C. Olympic Games 2004, Athens –30 competition venues 169 D. Commonwealth Games 2006, Melbourne –competition 171 venues E. World Cup2006, Germany– the hoststadia 173 F. Olympic Games 2008, Beijing 175 G. Commonwealth Games 2010, Delhi – competition venues 177 Index 179 vi Preface Corus Group (then British Steel) asked me to take a leading role in their sports and leisure market sector development. The year was 1990 – significant in the United Kingdom for the publication of the Taylor Report. This document is key to the surge of football stadium new-build and redevelopment throughout the UK. The bigger stadium picture takes in national stadium developments – including the English National Stadium – together with stadium developments driven by different sports (football, baseball, basketball, ice skating, rugby, athletics, hockey, tennis) and by specificevents(WorldCups,WorldStudentGames,OlympicGamesandalltheworld’s zonalratherthanglobalcompetitions). Iwasalreadyastadiumenthusiastin1990butmyfirstaction, inmynewcapacity, was to access the available information on the subject. I was shocked to find that therewasnobookonstadiumengineering–therewerebooksonstadiumarchitecture anddesignbutnothingwrittenbyengineersforengineers. Iquicklybecameacceptedintothestadiumdevelopment‘family’–thestadiaequiva- lentofthe‘tallbuildings’cluborthe‘offshorestructures’club.Thebook,orratherthe lackofthebook,becameatalkingpointofmine.MichelleMcDowell,ofBuildingDesign Partnership,encouragedmetodosomethingaboutit. This would bea big project thatIcould not doon myown.I got together withLes Hackett,adesignerwithmanyyears’experienceofprintpreparationandprintprocure- mentfor thesteel industry,andwith JohnPascoe, theformer editor ofthe magazines Building with Steel, Tubular Structures and Profils Creux en Acier. We drew up a draft contentslistforthebookonanapkin(thatIstillhave!)duringalunchtimemeetingat theSpaghettiHouseinGoodgeStreet,Bloomsbury,London. JohnPascoewasplanningaforewordtothebookbySven-Go¨ranEriksson,because Sven has visited more stadia than anyone else. By a stroke of good luck we were introduced to the workings of TRUCE International, a charitable initiative set up to help at-risk children worldwide and get youngsters off the streets, away from crime and drugs, by encouraging them to participate in sport. The patrons of TRUCE Inter- nationaljusthappenedtobeSven-Go¨ranErikssonandNancyDell’Olio.Whiledriving homeoneevening,anideacametome. Coruswouldbedueroyaltiesformyparticipationinthebook.WhatifCoruswereto donatethoseroyaltiestoTRUCEInternational?Iraisedthequestionand,toCorusGroup’s greatcredit,theresponsewasimmediateandpositive.Soifwecouldgetthebookinto printitwouldbenefitnotonlyourreadersbutalsounderprivilegedyoungpeople.The 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan had in fact been dedicated to children under the banner‘Sayyesforchildren’–thefirsttimeaFIFAworldcuphadbeendedicatedtoa humanitariancause.StadiumEngineeringseekstohelpTRUCEInternationaltohelpfurther vii STADIUM ENGINEERING ......................................................................................................................................................... that initiative because, when it comes to children, football is a force for change like anyother. Ihadmovednaturallyintotakingtheleadonthematerialschaptersofthisbook–the supplyendofthings–andJohnPascoehadmovednaturallyintotakingtheleadforthe market-pullchapters.Buttofulfilitspotentialthebookhadtobeauthoritativeonmany matters that were beyond the competence of John and myself. We invited – or rather cajoled and begged – some of the world’s leading authorities to join us by authoring chaptersrelatingtotheirspecificfieldsofexpertise. Theresultisthisbook.ItisthebookthatwasnotthereformewhenIstartedoutasa rookie stadium engineering advisor. However, no book can be complete and this is particularlytrueinthefast-movingbusinessofcreatingstadia.Soyourcommentsare goingtobevitallyimportant totheprocessofcontinuousimprovement thatwewant toapplytofutureeditions.Myfondestwishisthatthebookteamwillexpandtotake in the whole stadium planning, design and operating community. Meanwhile John PascoeandIareproudtohaveasfriendsandcolleaguesthehundredsofpeoplewho have contributed the information and images which have made this first edition of the book possible. We would also like to add our special thanks to Tim Brown and DanielImadefortheirhelpwithmanyofthephotographsandcopyrights. PeterCulley viii Foreword Sven-Go¨ranErikssontoldtheUK’sPressAssociationthathebelievesWembleywillbe ‘...themostbeautifulandbeststadiumintheworld.’ ‘Bestpracticeisn’tjustsomethingIdowithfootballersonatrainingpitch.Mycareer hastakenmetostadiathroughouttheworldandhasgivenmeakeeninterestinwhat’s knownas‘‘stadiumdesignbestpractice’’.Thatcoversspectatorsafety,comfort,sight- lines, communications and all the facilities you’d want to have at a big sports venue. This book is about all these things, so it is important because it’s all about making sportingeventsbetterplacestobe.’ Sven-Go¨ran Eriksson, Coach to the England football team, and former Coach at IFK Gothenburg, SL Benfica, AS Roma, AC Fiorentina, Sampdoria UC and SS Lazio, PatronofTRUCEInternational. ix About the editors JohnPascoe,MCAM,MCB,DipM,MCIM,CharteredMarketer John Pascoe grew up in the steel town of Corby. He studied at Newcastle upon Tyne PolytechnicandreturnedtoCorbyWorksin1972,beforemovingtoworkinCroydon and then London. John has more than 30 years’ experience in the European steel andinternationalconsultancybusinesses.HeisaMemberoftheConstructionWriters Association, Illinois, and is the former editor of the magazines Building with Steel (publishedbytheConstructionalSteelResearchAdvisory&DevelopmentOrganization – Constrado), Tubular Structures (published by British Steel/Corus Group) and Profils CreuxenAcier–Stahlhohlprofile–TheHollowSection(publishedbyComite´ International pourleDe´veloppementetl’EtudedelaConstructionTubulaire–CIDECT).Hisbooks include the CAD Good Practice Guide (first published 1994) with F. Pyle, S. Connolly, J. Hare, R. Hyde, S. Wyer, R. Bryenton, A. Ogden, T. Baskett, A. Jarvis, G. Robinson and T. Slydel. His other published works include papers and publications on steel cladding systems, space frames and stainless steels. In 2003 John joined the Content ManagementGroup,MediaPublishingProcess,Electrocomponentsplc. PeterCulley,IEng,AMICE PeterCulleyjoinedtheBridgeOfficeofBritishRailwaysin1958,straightfromgrammar school.Aftertraining,heworkedondesigning,detailingandspecificationforalltypes ofroadandrailbridgeinsteelandconcrete.Peter’ssiteexperience,asassistantengineer andthenresident engineer, covered major bridge reconstructions inthe London area, the first longweekend possessions on the region and the supervision of major bridge and retaining wall works for the M25 Motorway. Peter moved to BR’s New Works Departmenttowork on thedesign,analysis andspecification oftheproject for which heisbestknown–thereconstructionofLondonBridgeStation,withitstheninnovative Nodusspaceframeroofstructures.In1978hejoinedBritishSteel’sTubesDivisionasa Structural Advisory Engineer, working with all members of the construction supply team–planners,architects,engineers,contractorsandspecialiststeelworkfabricators. In 1990 he was asked, as a member of British Steel’s Sports and Leisure Working Group, to take on a leading role in the firm’s marketing of its products for stadium developmentandredevelopment.ThisbroughtPeterintocontactwiththeworld’slead- ingdesignersofstadiaandledtohisparticipationinmanypromotionalandpublication activitieswithinthesector.Hehasalsoretainedcareer-wideinterestandresponsibilities inthetechnicaldevelopmentandmarketingofsteelproductsforhighwayandrailway engineering applications, such as sign and signal gantries, bridges, bridge parapets, safetyfencesandpedestrianguardrails. x Introduction Derek Wilson Atthetimeofwritingweareeagerlyanticipatingtheopeningofanumberofmagnifi- centnewstadiaforEuro2004,inPortugal,andthearrivalofthegroundbreakingnew WembleystadiuminLondon,whichwillseetheriseofa140mhighlatticesteelarch,the newsymbolofthehomeofBritishfootball.Howtimelyitisthatthisdiversebookon stadiaconstructionshouldatlastbewritten.Thelasttenyearshasseenthepublication ofmanybooksaboutstadiathatdealwiththesupporters’views,history,andofcourse thearchitecture,soitisrefreshingandwelcometoseethesubjectcoveredherefroman engineering perspective. All the contributors of the case studies in this book are engineers who have been influential in our industry over the past decade, and in manywaysaretheunsungheroesofthesebuildings. AsafootballfanIhavefollowedmyteamsincetheearly1970sastheyhavedescended throughallfourdivisions(andthankfullystartedtoascendagain!).ConsequentlyIhave visitednearlyallthestadiaintheEnglishfootballleague. FirstlyasachildIcandistinctlyrecallthesenseofanticipationmeltingintoexcitement aswewalkeddownthehilltoTurfMoorforagame,seeingthetoweringsteelfloodlight pylons,seeminglygettingtallerasweapproached,thefloodlightsilluminatingthesta- diumwithahalloeffect.Thereissomethingquitemagicalaboutthefeelingofastadium, especially at night, that you just can’t create anywhere else. Then as the years have passedIhavewitnessedtheincrediblechangesthathavetakenplaceinstadiadesign. It would have been hard to miss the renewed interest in stadia design over the last 15yearsandparticularlyduringthelasttenyearswheretherehasbeensuchanexciting renaissanceinthegenrewithsomanynewconceptsinformingstadiadesign. I felt it fitting when I discovered that the same city, Sheffield, played a pivotal role bothinthebirthofthemodernsteelindustry andthedevelopmentofBritishfootball stadium. Association football was one of the first major sports to be codified, and it adopted many rules set by the first football club Sheffield FC, which was formed in 1857.JustoneyearearlierHenryBessemerstartedthemassproductionofsteel,again inSheffield.Iamquitesurethatmanyofthosesteelworkerswerealsothefirstfootball supporters!ItsalsoworthnotingthatBramallLane,Sheffield,wasthefirststadiumto hostasportingeventunderfloodlights,andprovideArchibaldLeitch,theGlaswegian engineerandprolificstadiumdesigner,withhisfirstEnglishcommission.Thegrowthof sportingclubs around the worldwasprolific from thenonandthe professional clubs sought their own stadia. How many of those early grandstands used steel in their construction one can only surmise, but fast forward 100 years and steel is central to stadiumandgrandstanddesigntheworldover. The design revolution we have seen in the past ten years was driven initially by a response to the devastating and unacceptable catalogue of stadium disasters in the xi