Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 233 Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7818 Mourad Fakhfakh, Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle, and Rafael Castro-López (Eds.) Analog/RF and Mixed-Signal Circuit Systematic Design ABC Editors MouradFakhfakh RafaelCastro-López UniversityofSfax InstitutodeMicroelectrónicadeSevilla Sfax IMSE-CNM,CSIC.c/Américo Tunisia Vespucio,s/n Seville EstebanTlelo-Cuautle Spain INAOE DepartmentofElectronics Puebla Mexico ISSN1876-1100 e-ISSN1876-1119 ISBN978-3-642-36328-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-36329-0 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-36329-0 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012956292 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword Thisbookintroducescontributionstothetopicofsystematicdesignofanalog,RF andmixedsignalcircuits.Inmyview,thematerialrepresentsasignificantstepto- wardsadvancingthestate-of-the-artinthefield ofrobustanalogandmixedsignal designautomation.AlthoughThetopichasbeenresearchedformanyyearsprimar- ily for pureanalogcircuits, it is quite evidentthatextendingthe researcheffortto includemixedsignalandRFICdesignisverytimelyandrelevantinlightoftheever increasingcomplexityofcompleteSystems-on-Chip(SoCs)whichincludeanalog, RFandmixedsignalonthesamediewithUltralargescaledigital.SuchSoCsare alsowidelyrecognizedasthe“More-than-Moore”scalingextendingtheendofthe siliconroadmapformanyyearstocome.Thefieldofsystematiccircuitdesignhas long been a mature science area for many years for digital circuits but has repre- sentedaformidablechallengetoanalogcircuits.However,theanalysisandsynthe- sistechniquesandflowspresentedinthisbookprovidepracticalsolutionstomeet thechallenge.Notonlydoesthematerialaddresssomeofthetraditionalbottlenecks of analog and RF design automation such as device sizing and layout generation, butalso incorporatestoolsandmethodologiesto dealwith worstcase cornersand randomprocessvariations.Thiswill indeedresultin automatedand robustdesign solutionsthatlendthemselvesnaturallytoimplementationsindeepnanometerpro- cessnodesandwithenhancedyields.AutomationoftheseMore-than-MooreSoCs willalsohelpwithmeetingnarrowmarketwindowsandwithreducingdevelopment costsofcomplexnano-scalechipsets. The materialisorganizedintwo partsandpresentedin 16chapters.Itstrikesa goodbalancebetweentheoryandpracticeandincludescasestudiesordesignexam- plestoreinforceunderstandingofbasicconcepts.Thebookishighlyrecommended formixedsignal,RFandSoCdesignengineersandpractitionersinthesemiconduc- torindustryaswellasresearchersandgraduatestudentsinelectricalandcomputer engineeringwithamajorincircuitdesignanddesignautomation. November2012 MohammedIsmail MohammedIsmail OhioStateUniversity,Columbus,USA CurrentlywithKhalifaUniversityofScience,TechnologyandReserach(KUSTAR),UAE Preface Advancesinelectronicstechnologieshaveledtoakindofa‘boom’inaverywide range of fields, such as, informatics, bioengineering, communications, electronic gadgets,tonameafew. Despites the fact that in the digital domain, designers can take full benefits of IPs and design automation tools to synthesize and design very complex systems, theanalogdesigners’taskisstillconsideredasa‘handcraft’,cumbersomeandvery time consuming process. This is mainly due to the lack of support by computer- aideddesignprograms,whichhasledto a so-called‘productivitygap’(difference betweenwhattechnologycanofferandwhatcanbemanufactured).Thus,tremen- douseffortsarebeingdeployedbyresearchers,R/Dengineers,etc.todevelopnew designmethodologiesintheanalog/RFandmixed-signaldomains. Actually,theanalog/RFandmixedsignalfieldsrelyonthreemajorareas,namely Synthesis,DesignandOptimization.Thesedomainsformatrilogyinthisrealmof analog/RFandmixed-signalcircuitandsystemdesign.Endeavorsarebeingmadeto developnewsynthesistechniques(buildingnovelactivecircuits,forinstance),de- signmethodologies(proposingnewcircuits)andsizing/optimizationtechniques(of- feringmorecomplexfunctionalitieswithadvancedperformances,higherfrequency operatingranges,lesspowerconsumption,etc.). On this basis, this book collects in sixteen Chapters, recent theories, synthesis techniques and design methodologies, as well as new sizing approaches. It high- lights their application to the design of high performance analog/RF and mixed- signalcircuitsandsystems.ThisbookisintendedtoresearchersandR/Dengineers, aswell.Thebookencompassestwoparts:MethodologiesandTechniques. Thefirstpart,Methodologies,iscomposedofsevenChapters,verybrieflyintro- ducedinthefollowing: Chapter 1, entitled ‘Towards Automatic Structural Analysis of Mixed-Signal Circuits’, is proposed by M. Eick and H. Graeb. It presents a new method for theautomaticstructuralandfunctionalanalysisofanalog,digitalandmixed-signal circuits. Chapter2,‘EfficientSynthesisMethodsformm-waveFrequencyPassiveCom- ponentsandAmplifiers’,authoredbyB.LiuandG.Gielen,dealswithanefficient high-frequencysynthesismethodsforintegratedpassivecomponentsaswellasfor thesynthesisofmm-wave-frequencylinearamplifiers,usingthememeticmachine VIII Preface learning-based differential evolution method and the efficient machine learning- baseddifferentialevolutionmethod,respectively. Chapter 3, entitled ‘Self-HealingCircuits Using Statistical ElementSelection’ andproposedbyV.H.-C.Chen,G.Keskin,andL.T.Pileggi,analyzesthestatistical element selection methodology for the implementation of low-power self-healing circuitsandsystems. Chapter4,‘ImprovingDesignFeatureReuseinAnalogCircuitDesignthrough Topological-SymbolicComparisonandEntropy-basedClassification’,authoredby C.FerentandA.Doboliintroducesanovelcircuitsynthesismethodologybasedon conceptcomparison,combination,learning,andre-use. Chapter5thatisentitled‘Graph-basedsymbolicandsymbolicsensitivityanaly- sisofanalogintegratedcircuits’andproposedbyS.Rodriguez-Chavez,A.A.Palma- Rodriguez,E.Tlelo-Cuautle,andS.X.-D.Tan,describesagraph-basedtechniquefor the solutionof a system of equationsforanalogICs formulatedby applyingsym- bolicNAandforsymbolicsensitivityanalysis. Chapter6titled‘ADesignerCentricAnalogSynthesisFlow’,whichisauthored byF.Javid,S.Youssef,R.Iskander,andM.-M.Loue¨rat,presentsadesignercentric analogsynthesisflowthatisfullycontrolledbythedesignerandoffersanintuitive designapproachthatiscomposedofasizingtoolandalayoutgenerationtool. Chapter 7; ‘Analog Circuit Design based on Robust POFs using an Enhanced MOEA with SVM Models’byN. Lourenc¸o,R. Martins, M. Barros, andN. Horta highlights a multi-objective design methodology for automatic analog integrated circuitssynthesis,whichenhancestherobustnessofthesolutionbyvaryingtechno- logicalandenvironmentalparameters,andbytheinclusionofcornercases. The second part of the book, Techniques, encompasses the nine following Chapters: Chapter 8;‘Applicationsof symbolicanalysisin the designofanalogcircuits’ byF.Grasso,A.Luchetta,andM.C.Piccirilli,describestheuseofsymbolictech- niques in the realization of efficient automatic tools for designinganalog circuits. Inparticularthreephasesofthedesigncycleofanintegratedcircuitareconsidered: thesimulationphase,thedesigncenteringphaseandthefaultdiagnosisphase. Chapter 9, titled ‘Synthesis of Electronically-Controllable Signal Process- ing/SignalGenerationCircuitsusingModernActiveBuildingBlocks’,isauthored byR.Senani,D.R.Bhaskar,A.K.Singh,andV.K.Singhfocusesonthesynthesis of various electronically-controllable signal processing/signal generation circuits. The coverage includes the basics and hardware implementation of various build- ingblocksmentionedaboveandincludessomeelegantrepresentativeapplications usingthem. Chapter 10, entitled ‘Synthesis of Generalized Impedance Converter and Inverter Circuits Using NAM Expansion’ by A. M Soliman proposes the use of the nodal admittance matrix expansion technique to generate all possible voltage generalizedimpedanceconverterand the currentgeneralizedimpedanceconverter circuits, and the realizations of two types of the generalized impedance inverter circuits. Preface IX Chapter11;‘FractionalStepAnalogFilterDesign’,byT.Freeborn,B.Maundy, andA.Elwakiloutlinestheprocesstodesign,analyze,andimplementcontinuous- timefractional-stepfilters,andpresentsnewmethodsanddesignequationsforthe physicalrealizationof these filters using fractionalcapacitors,SABs, FPAA hard- ware,andFDNRtopologies. Chapter 12, entitled ‘The Flipped Voltage Follower: Theory and applications’ andthatis authoredbyJ. Ramirez-Angulo,M. R.Valero-Bernal,A.Lopez-Martin, R. G. Carvajal, A. Torralba, S. Celma-Pueyo, and N. Medrano-Marque´s,exposes and summarizesin a tutorialway,the most relevantinformationpublishedto date on the FVF, and presents several improved FVF cells and structures and gives a comparisonoftheirperformancesandcharacteristics. Chapter 13, titled ‘Synthesis of Analog Circuits using only Voltage and Cur- rent Followers as Active Elements’, by R. Senani, D.R. Bhaskar, A.K. Singh, and R.K.Sharma,presentsabriefaccountofsomeprominentworksdoneontheanalog circuit design using VFs and CFs as active elements, together with the design of VFsandCFsthemselves. Chapter 14; ‘Design of Setable Active Lossy Inductors’, proposed by M. Pierzchala, and M. Fakhfakh is concerned with transformation of passive LC filters into active RC-circuits using signal-flow graphs in the two-graph by using exclusivelyRC-elementsand the newlyintroduced‘activeswitches’. The Chapter alsodealswiththereductionofthecomplexityoftheconstructedactivecircuits. Chapter 15, entitled ‘MIDAS: Microwave Inductor Design Automation on Silicon’ by L. Aluigi, F. Alimenti, L. Roselli, D. Pepe, and D. Zito emphasizes a methodologytoautomatethedesignofmicrowaveinductoronsiliconandpresents the implementation of an auxiliary CAD tool for Microwave Inductor Design AutomationonSilicon. Chapter 16; ‘LC-VCO Design Challenges in the Nano-Era’ authored by P. Pereira,H.Fino,M.Fakhfakh,F.Coito,andM.Ventim-Nevesexposesanoptimiza- tion based methodology for the design of LC-VCOs whose efficiency is granted by the use of analytical models to characterize the behavior of active and passive elements. Finally, we want to use this opportunity to thank all the authors for their high qualitycontributions,andthereviewersfortheirvaluablehelp.Wearealsothank- ful to Prof. Mohamed Ismail (Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. Currently with Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Reserach (KUSTAR), UAE) forwritingtheforewordofthebook.OurthanksgoalsototheSPRINGERteamfor hissupportandassistance. MouradFakhfakh EstebanTlelo-Cuautle RafaelCastro-Lo´pez Contents PartI:Methodologies 1 TowardsAutomaticStructuralAnalysisofMixed-Signal Circuits................................................... 3 MichaelEick,HelmutGraeb 2 Efficient Synthesis Methods forHigh-FrequencyIntegrated PassiveComponentsandAmplifiers........................... 27 BoLiu,GeorgesGielen 3 Self-HealingCircuitsUsingStatisticalElementSelection ......... 53 VanessaH.-C.Chen,GokceKeskin,LawrenceT.Pileggi 4 Improving Design Feature Reuse in Analog Circuit Design throughTopological-SymbolicComparisonandDesignConcept Combination .............................................. 77 CristianFerent,AlexDoboli 5 Graph-BasedSymbolicandSymbolicSensitivityAnalysis ofAnalogIntegratedCircuits ................................ 101 S. Rodriguez-Cha´vez,A.A.Palma-Rodriguez,E. Tlelo-Cuautle, S.X.-D.Tan 6 ADesigner-AssistedAnalogSynthesisFlow..................... 123 FarakhJavid,Ste´phanieYoussef,RamyIskander, Marie-MinerveLoue¨rat 7 AnalogCircuitDesignBasedonRobustPOFsUsinganEnhanced MOEAwithSVMModels ................................... 149 NunoLourenc¸o,RicardoMartins,ManuelBarros,NunoHorta XII Contents PartII:Techniques 8 Applications of Symbolic Analysis in the Design of Analog Circuits................................................... 171 FrancescoGrasso,AntonioLuchetta,MariaCristinaPiccirilli 9 SynthesisofElectronically-ControllableSignalProcessing/Signal GenerationCircuitsUsingModernActiveBuildingBlocks........ 195 RajSenani,D.R.Bhaskar,A.K.Singh,V.K.Singh 10 SynthesisofGeneralizedImpedance ConverterandInverter CircuitsUsingNAMExpansion .............................. 223 AhmedM.Soliman 11 FractionalStepAnalogFilterDesign .......................... 243 ToddFreeborn,BrentMaundy,AhmedElwakil 12 TheFlippedVoltageFollower:TheoryandApplications.......... 269 JaimeRamirez-Angulo,MariaRodanasValero-Bernal, AntonioLopez-Martin, RamonG. Carvajal, AntonioTorralba, SantiagoCelma-Pueyo,Nicola´sMedrano-Marque´s 13 SynthesisofAnalogCircuitsUsingOnlyVoltageandCurrent FollowersasActiveElements................................. 289 RajSenani,D.R.Bhaskar,A.K.Singh,R.K.Sharma 14 DesignofSetableActiveLossyInductors....................... 317 MarianPierzchała,MouradFakhfakh 15 MIDAS:MicrowaveInductorDesignAutomationonSilicon ...... 337 Luca Aluigi, FedericoAlimenti, Luca Roselli, Domenico Pepe, DomenicoZito 16 LC-VCODesignChallengesintheNano-Era ................... 363 PedroPereira,HelenaFino,MouradFakhfakh,FernandoCoito, Ma´rioVentim-Neves AuthorIndex ..................................................... 381 Part I Methodologies