Anaerobic Infections Anaerobic Infections Diagnosis and Management Itzhak Brook, M.D., M.Sc. Georgetown University Washington, D.C., USA InformaHealthcareUSA,Inc. 52VanderbiltAvenue NewYork,NY10017 q2008byInformaHealthcareUSA,Inc. InformaHealthcareisanInformabusiness NoclaimtooriginalU.S.Governmentworks PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper 10987654321 InternationalStandardBookNumber-10:0-8493-8257-2(Hardcover) InternationalStandardBookNumber-13:978-0-8493-8257-4(Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quotedwithpermission,andsourcesareindicated.Awidevarietyofreferencesarelisted.Reasonableefforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibilityforthevalidityofallmaterialsorfortheconsequenceoftheiruse. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublishers. Forpermissiontophotocopyorusematerialelectronicallyfromthiswork,pleaseaccesswww.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,MA01923,978-750-8400.CCCisanot-for-profitorganizationthatprovideslicensesandregistration foravarietyofusers.FororganizationsthathavebeengrantedaphotocopylicensebytheCCC,aseparatesystemof paymenthasbeenarranged. TrademarkNotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonly foridentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Brook,Itzhak. Anaerobicinfections:diagnosisandmanagement/ItzhakBrook. p.;cm.– (Infectiousdiseaseandtherapy;v.46) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-0-8493-8257-4(hardback:alk.paper) ISBN-10:0-8493-8257-2(hardback:alk.paper) 1.Anaerobicinfections–Diagnosis. 2.Anaerobicinfections–Treatment. I.Title.II.Series. [DNLM:1. BacterialInfections–diagnosis.2. Bacteria,Anaerobic.3. BacterialInfections–therapy. W1IN406HMNv.462007/WC200B8712007] QR201.A57B752007 579.3’25–dc22 2007020432 VisittheInformaWebsiteat www.informa.com andtheInformaHealthcareWebsiteat www.informahealthcare.com Thebookisdedicatedtomywife,Joyce, mychildrenDafna,Tammy,Yoni,andSara,and mygranddaughterDarly. Preface SincethepublicationofthefirsteditionofthebookentitledPediatricAnaerobicInfections,much haschangedinourunderstandingandknowledgeoftheroleofanaerobicbacteriaininfections in children and adults. More clinical studies were performed describing their activity in a variety of infections, including head and neck infections, skin and soft tissue infections, abdominal and visceral abscesses, and infections after trauma. With increased awareness andearlyrecognition,patientcareimprovedthoseinfectionscausedbytheseorganisms. In the past three decades, resistance of anaerobic bacteria increased to many of the antimicrobialsusedfortheirtherapy.Duringthisperiod,newerantimicrobialagentseffective againsttheseorganismswereintroduced.Methodsfortheiridentificationwereimprovedand simplified,astheirtaxonomyhaschanged. As the field has expanded we felt the need to expand the scope of Pediatric Anaerobic Infectionstoincludeinfectionsaffectingthepediatricandadultpopulations.Thisvolumedoes just that by covering the entire spectrum of adult and pediatric infections. Chapters include all age groups, while presenting illnesses unique to the neonatal age. The current volume updatesourknowledgeofdiagnosisandtherapy,resistancetoantimicrobials,andthenewer agents,indicationsandcontraindicationsforsurgery,andthetherapyofcomplications.Newer diagnostictestsareincluded,andthenomenclatureoftheorganismsisupdatedandnewerand currentreferencesareincluded. Each chapter is set up to present the information in the most user-friendly way and emphasis has been given to treatment of various infections for ready use by all clinicians, includinginternists,pediatricians,ear,nose,andthroatsurgeons,generalsurgeons,andfamily practitioners. I am hopeful that the practicing physicians will continue to find this reference workusefulindeliveringcarefortheirpatients. ItzhakBrook