An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi By Jung-yao Lu An Investigation of Various Linguistic Changes in Chinese and Naxi, by Jung-yao Lu This book first published 2013 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2013 by Jung-yao Lu All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-4818-2, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4818-3 — Dedicated to Yuqing Yang ((cid:7576)(cid:3051)(cid:9269)) & Joshua Yichen Lu ((cid:2629)(cid:3973)(cid:17888)) for their This is a Naxi Dongba pictograph which means LOVE. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures............................................................................................. ix List of Tables ............................................................................................... x List of Maps ............................................................................................... xii Acknowledgments .................................................................................... xiii Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction 1.1. Methodology 1.2. Cross-linguistic Data 1.3. Abstract and Organization Chapter Two ...............................................................................................11 Sound Change: Tonal Split 2.1. Tonal Splits in Chinese *Checked Syllables 2.2. Previous Studies about Subgroupings of Loloish 2.3. Tonal Splits in Lolo-Burmese *Checked Syllables 2.4. Discussion Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 52 Semantic Change: Schematic Effect 3.1. The Motion Verb RETURN—(cid:17928) 3.2. The Disposal Marker BA—(cid:6330) Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 99 Syntactic Change: Structural Reanalysis 4.1. Previous Studies 4.2. Previous Studies: Causative-to-passive Development 4.3. Questions on Previous Studies 4.4. Development of Agentive Passive Markers 4.5. Discussion viii Table of Contents Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 127 Contact-induced Change: Borrowing 5.1. Definiteness and Nominalization, Relativization, and Genitivization in Chinese 5.2. Development of Nominalization, Relativization, and Genitivization in Naxi Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 168 Conclusion Appendices A. List of Abbreviations .......................................................................... 178 B. References & Reconstructions for *Voiced Initials in Chinese ........... 180 C. References & Reconstructions for *Voiceless Initials in Chinese ....... 181 D. IPA Descriptions for Wu Dialects (*Voiced Initials).......................... 182 E. IPA Descriptions for Wu Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ....................... 183 F. IPA Descriptions for Hakka & Min Dialects (*Voiced Initials) ........... 184 G. IPA Descriptions for Hakka & Min Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ...... 185 H. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects (*Voiced Initials) ................. 186 I. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) .............. 187 J. IPA Descriptions for Cantonese Dialects (*Voiced Initials) ................. 188 K. IPA Descriptions for Cantonese Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ........... 189 L. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects, Xiang, and Gan (*Voiced Initials)................................................................................ 190 M. IPA Descriptions for Mandarin Dialects, Xiang, and Gan (*Voiceless Initials) ............................................................................ 191 N. References & Reconstructions for *Voiced Initials in Yi and Loloish ........................................................................................ 192 O. References & Reconstructions for *Voiceless Initials in Yi and Loloish ........................................................................................ 193 P. IPA Descriptions for Yi Dialects (*Voiced Initials)............................. 194 Q. IPA Descriptions for Yi Dialects (*Voiceless Initials) ........................ 196 R. References for *Voiced Initials in Naxi and Mosuo ............................ 198 S. References for *Voiceless Initials in Naxi and Mosuo ........................ 199 T. IPA Descriptions for Possible Loloish & Burmish (*Voiced) .............. 200 U. IPA Descriptions for Possible Loloish & Burmish (*Voiceless) ......... 203 Notes ........................................................................................................ 205 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 213 Subject Index ........................................................................................... 223 LIST OF FIGURES 2.1. From Proto-Lolo-Burmese to Proto-Lahoid 2.2. Bradley’s Genetic Relationship between Naxi and *L 2.3. Tonal Splits in the *Checked Syllable from *LB 2.4. Tonal Splits in the *Checked Syllable from *C 2.5. Genetic Distribution Based on Patterns of Tonal Splits 3.1. The Historical Changes of RETURN ((cid:17928)) 3.2. Sweetser’s Image Schema of AGAIN 3.3. Prototypical Image Schema of RETURN 3.4. Semantic Extensions from the Image Schema of (cid:17928) 3.5. Wu’s Grammaticalization Process of BA Construction 3.6. Image Schema of the Thing-transferred Event 3.7. Image Schema of the Thing-located Event 3.8. Image Schema of the Thing-transformed Event 3.9. Image Schema of the Instrumental Causative Event 3.10. Image Schema of the Disposal Event 3.11. Development of Constructions with TAKE 4.1. Causative-to-passive Process of gei,rang,na, and jiao 5.1. Grammaticalization Pathways of Mandarin di ((cid:5317))/de ((cid:11444)) 5.2. Grammaticalization Pathways of Chaozhou kai 5.3. Grammaticalization Pathways of Cantonese ge3 5.4. Mono-syllabified Process of [That + Cl]