An Introduction to Gerontology With the world’s population getting increasingly older, there has never been a more pressing need for the study of old age and ageing. An Introduction to Gerontology provides a wide-ranging introduction to this important topic. By assuming no prior expert knowledge and avoiding jargon, this book will guide students through all the main subjects in gerontology, covering both traditional areas, such as biological and social ageing, and more contemporary areas, such as technology, the arts and sexuality. An Introduction to Gerontology is written by a team of international authors with multidisciplinary backgrounds who draw evidence from a variety of different traditions. IanStuart-Hamilton is Professor of Developmental Psychology and Faculty Head of Research and External Activity at the University of Glamorgan. He has been teaching lifespan psychology for over twenty-five years and has written six textbooks including The Psychology of Ageing, which was the winner of an award from the British Medical Association and shortlisted for the British Psycho- logical Society’s Book of the Year award. Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Thu Oct 11 11:21:54 BST 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511973697 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Thu Oct 11 11:21:54 BST 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511973697 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 AN INTRODUCTION TO Gerontology Edited by Ian Stuart-Hamilton Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Thu Oct 11 11:21:54 BST 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511973697 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521734950 (cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Anintroductiontogerontology/editedbyIanStuart-Hamilton. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-51330-2 1.Gerontology. I.Stuart-Hamilton,Ian. II.Title. HQ1061.I5558 2011 305.26–dc22 2011003321 ISBN978-0-521-51330-2Hardback ISBN978-0-521-73495-0Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Thu Oct 11 11:21:54 BST 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511973697 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 Contents List of figures page vii List of tables viii List of contributors x 1 Introduction 1 IanStuart-Hamilton 2 Thebiologyofageing:aprimer 21 Joa˜oPedrodeMagalha˜es 3 Fosteringresilience,promotinghealthandpreventing diseaseinolderadults 48 SharonOstwaldandCarmelDyer 4 Ageingandhealth:managingco-morbiditiesandfunctional disabilityinolderpeople 87 CarmelDyerandSharonOstwald 5 Socialcareandolderpeople 126 RaymondNgan 6 Cognitiveprocessesandageing 159 PaulVerhaeghen 7 Thepsychologyofatypicalageing 194 BobWoods 8 Sociologicalperspectivesonageing 226 KateDavidson Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Thu Oct 11 11:21:58 BST 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511973697 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 vi Contents 9 Retirement 251 LynnMcDonald 10 Sexualityandageing 283 RebeccaFlycktandSherylA.Kingsberg 11 Policiesonageing 317 SuzanneWait 12 Cross-culturaldifferencesinageing 340 SandraTorres 13 Technologyandageing 363 AntheaTinker 14 Literaryportrayalsofageing 389 DianaWallace 15 Palliativecareforolderadults 416 LynnO’NeillandSeanMorrison 16 Conclusions 430 IanStuart-Hamilton Index 438 Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Thu Oct 11 11:21:58 BST 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511973697 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 Figures 2.1 Prevalence of selected chronic conditions as a function of age. Values are expressed in percentage for the US population (2002–03 data set). page 23 2.2 Mortality rates as a function of age. Values are expressed in deaths per 100,000 people, plotted on a logarithmic scale, for the 2002 US population. 23 3.1 Projections of disabled population aged 65+ years based on actual disability figures for 1982–96 in the USA. 53 3.2 Prevalence of risk factors and health behaviours varies by disability status among older adults aged 65 or older. 57 3.3 Determinants of active ageing. 62 3.4 Percentage of adults 60 years of age and over meeting the dietary recommendations for the Healthy Eating Index components: USA, 1999–2002. 67 3.5 Force-field analysis of restraining and driving factors that influence an older spousal caregiver’s decision to engage in health-promoting behaviours. 75 5.1 Differences between the formal and informal care sectors. 130 5.2 Types of informal social support. 131 5.3 The caring dilemma. 137 5.4 A tiered model of service provision. 140 5.5 Social health and social capital. 142 5.6 The Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) and subjective well-being. 145 5.7 Personal Wellbeing Index: all domains must contribute unique variance. 145 5.8 Pathways of interweaving formal and informal care. 150 6.1 Distribution of autobiographical memories over the lifespan. 172 6.2 Longitudinal changes in volume in the frontal cortex. 179 8.1 Life expectancy from birth 1986–2008, UK. 229 10.1 Cross-section of the penis. 288 13.1 Gerontechnology impact matrix. 365 Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Thu Oct 11 11:22:03 BST 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511973697 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 Tables 1.1 Life expectancy of individuals born in 1400, 1841, 1981 and 2009 in the UK page 7 2.1 Diversity of mammalian life histories obtained from the AnAge database 26 2.2 Genes associated with ageing and/or longevity per model organism 31 3.1 Recommendations for screening and preventive care based on functional level and life expectancy 59 3.2 Recommendations for food-based dietary guidelines that recognize the interactions between food and health within a social and cultural context 70 4.1 Overview of the comprehensive geriatric assessment 90 4.2 Selected depression-screening approaches 93 4.3 Triggers for IADL 94 4.4 Types of dementia 97 4.5 Methods of treatment for dementia-associated behavioural problems 105 4.6 Forensic markers 114 8.1 Population projections by legal marital status 2007–31 (percentages) 230 10.1 Changes in female sexual physiology with ageing 291 10.2 Medical conditions known to be related to sexual dysfunction 293 10.3 Medications known to have sexual side effects 295 11.1 Objectives arising from the recommendations for action from the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002 320 13.1 Percentage of total population aged 60 and over in 2006 and projections for 2050 367 13.2 Percentage of population aged 80 and over as a percentage of all aged 60 and over in 2006 and projections for 2050 368 Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Thu Oct 11 11:22:07 BST 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511973697 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 Listoftables ix 13.3 Potential support ratio in 2006 and projections for 2050 369 13.4 Where people aged 65 and over live 375 13.5 Percentages of people aged 65 and over unable to manage certain tasks without help, 1998–9 379 15.1 Tenets of palliative care 418 Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Thu Oct 11 11:22:07 BST 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511973697 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012 Contributors Kate Davidson, University of Surrey Carmel Dyer, University of Texas at Houston Rebecca Flyckt, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Medical Center; MacDonald Women’s Hospital, Cleveland Sheryl A. Kingsberg, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Medical Center; MacDonald Women’s Hospital, Cleveland Joa˜o Pedro de Magalha˜es, University of Liverpool Lynn McDonald, University of Toronto Sean Morrison, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York Raymond Ngan, City University of Hong Kong Lynn O’Neill, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York Sharon Ostwald, University of Texas at Houston Ian Stuart-Hamilton, University of Glamorgan Anthea Tinker, King’s College London Sandra Torres, University of Uppsala Paul Verhaeghen, Georgia Institute of Technology Suzanne Wait, University College London Diana Wallace, University of Glamorgan Bob Woods, Bangor University Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 14.139.43.12 on Thu Oct 11 11:22:09 BST 2012. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511973697 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012