INTENSIVE COURSE IN SANSKRIT INTENSIVE COURSE IN SANSKRIT Central Institute of Tndian l .. anguages Pub1ication No. 518 Intensive Course • Ill Sanskrit Chitr Editor Koul 0.~. Ellltur!l K.P. Acharva ~ J\1.R. Ranganatha Central Institute of Indian Languages Mvsore. India ... INTENSIJI£ COURSEN S,o-INSKRTf Or. K.P. l\th1i1'Yll Dr. 1'1~. H. ltllliiJ.·amdJm $fJiemoer 2006 F1rst Po.rblished. SMtapooa 1928 , t"etllnl lrrnltulf' or lndlo Llmgmrgu, :.~t~~~rt~ ZOOb fhl~ rnatcnr~l rnny nol.e reproduced or lrans:!llit1ad, ruther m part or en full. 111 9n~ tonn or by .ny- rneans, ~le{;tl'Omc. or med'lanleal, lndudln9 pno1ocopy. rewrtJing,Qf" any il'ffl)(matioo storaQs and retrieval system, wiihout perrnin ion in \'!ling IronY Pot. U.cloya Singh Narayan~ Director Cen~ tnstJh rte of lncrmn Languages Mana.sq~mgDlri, Mysore - 5-70 006, INDIA Pllone. ~1 '03<!fl~1~0 tOltQ(!IOfJ PMIK: 0~ M21-23450lfQ Gt..IN Te!e~e: 08-16-~e Gn.J~tn~; aHA~A11 E·mall u®Y8"i})ojU[)fl'l't w!t,oo! fax: OOOil()ff21·25150J2 (011 ectru I iJIRI$h~l@t\•(:h.OinQI III Wi\!W'!P! hl!Qi/Wtr'ti,(11,om rq• IJJ,Ihl;i• mfwmolllln oontact treaa. PUotiearJOns ; .mvif b~@chi.~J;II'ny.aQR.tlQI flai'llje~~D'Iy.M'At.Ml. 0831·2348009-, 2311 ~011e ; ~c fSBN-61-7342-10 2 Pricer Rs.l50..00 (US $- 2.00) Publl~ by Prof. Udilya HOi1Yi1n:l Sltt$1'1\. OltO~QI' Gentral fnstllute ollndi:91l Lilruages, M)'Sct'e e Priml;)ld bf 1\1 r S SfsW<J-'3. Nnagli.fr Clll Printing P.~. Ma~g:Ql!i, My.souo-610 ~. India Ccwef DOSclgJ1t Pr<l'f. LM&)-a Ptm)'l:lna Slogh H Manohar IJTP: M .N Chiilntttasheka& Jyo.thi lv FORB WORD or S.anskrit L'tngutlgt j.; :1.1\ o.n..te:nl langUU!f.C India lndi;J ·~ lir:-b llcnLage. Culture, Religion, fJhtii)S~J)I\)' ftnJ Grammar IJTC in lhis lllugtti.\~C . ., ,~ works of lite rouml~r$ or 11\¢ d•l1et~:nr ~lchuoloi of philosophy lik..: Shankam. Ramanuja and M.1dh\'11 Me tn Su.nskrit Lilt:ruture pe:rHtintug to LDgic, Asnology. Mu:;Jc. nrc olsfi m In brief. Mcdicme~ D~m11 ~nn!\kril SanskriL language I th~ spirithehind tilt! lnclinn culrure nnd tm: splrilu<'l heritage. Pandit Jawaharalnl }..~hru the tir$1 Pl'lrne Minister of li'cc India ~o·xpre~ l~ lil:rit~ge a~ ''[f [ w~s aslmd what as tht! greal treasure whtch India possesses lli'Jd what is her fDle-it hcr•lage.. l wnuld till~"'(;] lllth~stlnllngly it is lhc Sanskrit hmguagc lind lilcraturo. and nil that it contams. Thi~t b a lt11lguili~rcn1 inltl!lil»m.-.e. :tnd :.() long ar; It ~;ndurc~ und inlluencer-s lhe lite of our people, so long Lhc! b:J~ic genius or lndaa will cunlmue," ( Rcpon of the Sauskrit commiSSion, Olaprer 1\') Ex·prt!sidem of lnd~t HtJoournble. Sri Oyanl 7.Ail Sin~ll IWJ.:1 H.:markoo on Snnskrit liko this "Sun.sk:rit is nul j us£ :t religious lsif1l;llllf1~.:-. ~unskrit i~ am invilluabk treasure of lhis l.imd and it 1s oor rc~:~pons•bltlry 10 or k~,;op ali\'0 this 1m-cient language. \\}HCU is astorehett~!\e lndinn OalltUCIIt~ and cultiJn.:. Sim:~.: cjmc umnernonfll tl1is language hn~ becrt instrum1;nl11l for the unhy of the cmumy:· In addition to the rich heritage t.fmt Sanskril conlllilb, it i ubo a v~ry m[Juemtnl lang\li1St' and has msrli! IMJ'l..1GI on lndtan llmguul;~:> whothar lndo-Aryan or DtD.vidian in their vo-;;nhulary K.M. Pllnik.,;JI in h):s fXJper 'Oarr lnhenmnce-San~krit' edited by K M Munshi md R.R Diwokar in Lneir book 'lt1diim lnhc.Ttmncc' (liternlun!, philosophy aryd Relisi"On) ~ay~ as follows. • "Sanskrlt is &he one cutnmoo nahoruli inh..:ritancc of ll'ldi~L 1 he ~muh And th~ Non h. 'he Wcs! and Ih e Ea~l l~.ave­ etJunlly m1tributcd to it No part o! India t.an cl:um It ..I!> its \!ll.du. . i>~.: po..,~s:ton, when we rulk or onr o:wonal genius ~~11; umty 111 divcrsil) uf thl! rundilnlQOl31 Oneness uf lntJinn mind, etC, Wh31 W~;: ft.:iiJiy Illl.:illl I~ tha; dumimn10e of SttnskriL, whkh override!! the diftcnmccs .and r-e~ionul l.in~:~uisJic pc..:ulanbes and achieves u 1111e nanon:1l charnctcr in ounllought 11n~ emotions and ev~n glv~ fhrm ami hape In the Lltngua~e:s So f t a I know. thert! htlS never l~n Qn instance in wotlcl hir>lory when a I:JJlCitrt~e wtlich was b''' lht: ..;peeeh ol llfl JnHidtng fcv• wm; al,llo tO e:stnbltr;;h its IDlciUJII en~cd aul h{')rity over .1. \V huk: $Ub-ct~n1in~,;n& and b<- ils. perm:menr unir~ing fnctor lor over t\\0 thousanJ y~.:.m.~ .~an~km le.1ming bt:~omc:. very bnponnnt in urdcr In undenUrnd this nn~ie·nl h.,;rilttgc of Indio paruculrnl~· in the mudcm context fpJ the Scientists, EngineerS and [Jc.Lors as it coraalns valWlbJe literature on thcst. subjccl~t. Vedas \\hich w Llle soul of Indiau culture reveal lot ot or information 011 diffcnml :apects humiLil hfe. Seeing the imJX)rtiiOCC rtl or Sanskrit. Government lnd1n has given a sp:eci:aJ ~talu.'i to it by recognizing 1l as a classicaLanguage. Hence teach in~ of Sansk.J it b<:come!> necessary. It is iu thJs .ontcxt that the CcmraJ lnsntute of lndHU\ Langungcs. has prepared te Intensive cours-e in Sanskrit This is the re.:sult of the three workshops C<lducted by the Jnslitutc in which rnany Sanskrit Scl1olars bol11 traditional tLd n10dem had participated. Thjs IJHensive collie in Sanskrit is dcstg.~c.d lor a three monllts course using the suuctun method. D1 fferenl strucfillcs of Sanskric un: grndcd on the basis of leir complexuy from simple In complex. The stntclures of Sanskrit haveo be memorized tbr<>ltgh Ll1e drills and exercises given a1 Ule end of eab lesson- lessons arc: grven mostly m the conversational forrn_ l11is.nakos learners easy to leam Snn<:knt ·1c aching of Snnskrii mvolvcs Ih e puu:iples of Sccon:l lu.n~uagc teaching, c:lmctut'CS may be taught chht'T throgh the melhod or Gmmmar translation Di~t method. Drills and Exen:ses contuned m the ttrc the les.~ons r.:~!it:!llial components of teaching. hs hoped fual wilh this methodology, il m:ty OOL he diffic:ult to learn the Sa.okrit langua~e. This [ntetJsjve Col'SC an Sanskrn is rm:pared on cxperimc:r'llal ruJ basts, and can be revised •n the bOSls of the cxperlcr");Ce of lhe classroom L~hin!!> and also the cormcnls nnd suggestions made by the scholars ir1 the field io cnur..e of time. Prof. UDA 'VA NARAYANA SJNGH \'I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS F:dimr.~ hereby express their thanks to Professor Udaya Naraynm Singh, Director, Centnll Institute of Indian Lang!Jages, (Mirustry of Hum!lr Resource Developtncnl, Oovt. of India) Manasagangotri. Mysore for h1s "ncouragcment and keen intere..~ !\howo in all tJ1o Sanskrit proJects and Programmes conducted by the lnstirutc jncluding the present fntensivc Course material io Sanskrit. Editors also express their grntitude to lhc previous of Di~lors lh~ Jnslilutc vlt Dr.D..P.Parumayak, Dr.E.Annarnalai and in-charge DirocLors Dr.(Late) Francis Ek.ka, Dr.N.RomruJami and Dr O.N.Koul Dr E..Annam.alai ww; kino cnot1gh to write preface for this intensive course in Sanskrit hdtlors are also obhged to other resource persons viz(lute) Prof. Shivaganesha Murthi. the then Professor and Head of the Sanskrtt Department. University of Myson; Mnnasagarygotn, Mysore Bod (Lute) Dr. H.L.N.'BhaTati. retired EdHor. Cc:n1ml Institute oflr\dian Languages who were oetually instnrmcntul in conducting the ll1.ree workshops at Kollur, Udupi and Kateelu for the finalization of this matenaL Editors Me et y much indebted to the participants oftlle three workshops wbo ha.U worked bord during the workshop period for 1he oompletJon of this work Llnder Lhe overall c;upervision of the resource persons. All the participants who pnnicipatcd in these " orksbops were scholars tn Sanskrit with considerable experience of teaching Sanskrit and th¢ir names are givt'ln ai the end in tJtr: Appendix. Editors are very mueh thankful 10 Dr.(Vidwnn) B.S.Parvill~lT;tJU. Profes~• of Sanskrit Marinu11lappa College. My.sore for his assistance 111 tht: proof reading of the naaJ~uscript and malclng corTcchons nnd ~uggestion~. Editors arc very thankful 10 Mu. J)'OLi & 'n M.N.Cbandrasht:kar for getting Lhe nice prin1ou1 from the -computer and 10 Mrs. Dhannlakshml BalnkrisJman for hi.-rr help in cnrrymg out the eotTections in Lhe fm11l manuscript through the computer and to Prof. UdayJ Naraynna Singh, the Director, Cll~ H. Manohar, Artist Clll for the Cover Design of the Book Last but not least, Editors express 'heir sincere thanks to Pra[C3sor. K. Ramasamy, Head, Publications, Centrnl lnstit11h: of f11di.an Languages und Sri. S.B. Biswas. Manager, CTIL Printing Press. Manas~;~gangotn, ~ysore for the neal execution of the pnming of t.his book and secin~ il through IJ1e pres."!, l!nd to Sri R. Nand.:csh Publication Unit, CliL Printiug Press, for hi~ holp EDITOI?S vu PREFACE The Centn~l Jnstitutc of Indian Langua~cs with ~Ul agend::L for lbe dl!Vclopmcnt of modem Indian Languages, both major and rninor, has also or WOl'ked Ort the classical lllhguag.e i.e. Sanskrit Tho interest the lnstitUIO Samskrit is rrom three points oi view. Sanskrll a source ror Lhe Ill IS llcvclopm~:tH of technical voc:~bulary in most of tho contempor.~ry Indian ln.uguages in thcir process of modemizaHon. To modernize by d•·awm,g from classi-cal sources is nn instanc" of coutinuity of Lrl\dition. Stu.tly of Sanskrit from lhe point of view of mocJem hmguage is thus a dcvclopmen~ necessity. The seoond pomt of vte" is Ih ill of tnodemising the teach in~ of' Sanskrit to meet the current needs. The lhl.I'd is to unclerslnnd b)' a long Lraditaon of scholarship in different pans of India in order to contribute to modem Indian Ltnguisucs. The Intensive CoLuse In Sanskrit bclun~s In lhe Second eategor;•. The lnstin1te has prepared Intensive Courses in 13 rnaior lndiErn lnngoRgc:s to whiob is added thrs hook. An lntensivc Course is meant to learn 1hc basics of D IM{;l13gc In :1 •hot1 period of timl'l. This Jmenstvc Coun;.c d~igned for 11 lhrec rnonlhs course foJIO\VS t:h~ sLruotural method, which mtroduccs to the learner selected structures in a graded fasltlon. The. rs emphasis on the structures. themselve!i r.ub..:r than lhe rnJes of the or grammar that geucrole the structures. [he grammatical explanation lhl.! stnJctuies takes a secondary plnce. 'lne aequisttion of structures is rhrough ror drills lhcir reproduction. ;.md transformation, This repetitw~ gener;~tion mclhotl is used prirnanly for tenchmg ;mcl le:a:ming n second language. ·n1~ methodologies of the sccor1d lnnguege teaching havl: changed p~r·iodically. but lite structural method 1s still prevalem in India The traditiomd W<.IY oi le.aming Sanlilmt is different from the obo\'C melhnd Lt is basieallv teaching or the gTHrnmM thrvugh memonn1t1on ~• the grammatical rules given in the grarnmaticnl trentises. II of cowst: includes drilling of inllectronal pamdig.ms btAI 1111~ 1s nul exl¢;:ntled LO syntax. The rrru:!WonaJ teaching of Si!nskrit also demands full time commitment from the learner which mtal\)1 of the mo<lcm learners uf Sansktil cannol afford. Furlher, the lrnditional of learning Sanskrit is to b(.-comc u sclmJur in il l"nd make a profession ofil and not to use it a.<> tool for s.omcthing else, which the mod~rn leamcrs may l1kc to Jo. ThlS COI.Ll'se is for leantin~ Snnskrit ror ils instnnncmaJ use. ll may be for enriching resource rnatcnals for higher sludtes and researcl1 111 modem sc1encecs nnd humanities. It may be fo• drn,ving from its resourc..:s for lexical development of the modem lndian Lmgunges It may be for VIII usin~ it as an ac.ldt\ionru langtH\ge in d-aily life for ritual as '.Veil ils nli.'lt~tiitl purposes tlS Lbe spoken Sn:ll!ikril moveme11t tries Ia dJl. To lcuco S!Uu:krit for Chese kinds of use..:;, this lntrrse whic~ teaches Sanskrit !JS a second will be usefi1l. langun~::·e. Jf anyone is seriously inLerested ln reviving Sans-krit to tnake it functional for some ofthe modem needs. the kind M approach for reaching 1C as given 111 U11s book is inevitabk It 1s with th1s beltef thnr [1\e lnumsive Course in Sanskril is published as an experiment Ifil suecoods. ii will open up teaming of S.ansbit to people of different sociAl nnd Lli.sciplin:aty backgrounds. F!. ANNAMALAI lx