more information – www.cambridge.org/9781107036444 AN INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT Covering the State, the main political organs of the UN, important regional and security organisations, international judicial institutions and the regional human rights protection systems, An Institutional ApproachtotheResponsibilitytoProtectexaminestherolesandrespon- sibilities of the State and the international community regarding the responsibility to protect, and proposes improvements to the current systemofcollectivesecurityandhumanrightsprotection. gentian zyberi is Associate Professor of International Law at the NorwegianCentreforHumanRights,UniversityofOslo,Norway. AN INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT Edited by GENTIAN ZYBERI Assistant editor KEVIN T. MASON cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107036444 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdombytheMPGBooksGroup AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Aninstitutionalapproachtotheresponsibilitytoprotect/editedbyGentianZyberi;assistant editorKevinT.Mason. pages cm ISBN978-1-107-03644-4 1. Responsibilitytoprotect(Internationallaw) I. Zyberi,Gentian. II. Mason,KevinT. KZ4082.I577 2013 341.408–dc23 2012050468 ISBN978-1-107-03644-4Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Notesoncontributors pageviii Preface xi Acknowledgements xvi i Theoreticalandpracticalperspectives ontheresponsibilitytoprotect 1 1 Thecoiningandevolutionofresponsibility toprotect:theprotectionresponsibilitiesoftheState 3 diana amne´us 2 Non-Stateactors 33 raphae¨l van steenberghe 3 Peacekeepingoperations 58 susan c. breau ii TheUnitedNationssystem 81 4 TheSecurityCouncil 83 terry d. gill 5 TheGeneralAssembly 109 cedric ryngaert and hanne cuyckens 6 TheSecretary-General 130 nicholas turner 7 TheHumanRightsCouncil 156 lyal s. sunga 8 TheInternationalLawCommission 179 arnold n. pronto v vi contents iii Regionalandsecurityorganisations 197 9 TheEuropeanUnion 199 daniel fiott and marie vincent 10 TheAfricanUnion 220 solomon a. dersso 11 TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations 247 noel m. morada 12 TheOrganizationofAmericanStates 268 paulo de tarso lugon arantes 13 TheArabLeague 289 mahasen m. aljaghoub, ibrahim m. aljazy and maysa s. bydoon 14 TheOrganizationforSecurityandCo-operationin Europe 312 dennis j. d. sandole 15 TheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization 338 jody m. prescott iv Internationalcourtsandtribunals 363 16 TheInternationalCourtofJustice 365 gentian zyberi 17 TheUnitedNationsCriminalTribunalsforYugoslavia andRwanda 386 niki frencken and gran sluiter 18 TheInternationalCriminalCourt 411 michael contarino and melinda negro´n- gonzales v Regionalhumanrightsprotectionmechanisms 437 19 TheEuropeansystemofhumanrights 439 rhona smith and conall mallory 20 TheInter-Americansystemofhumanrights 459 o. hilaire sobers contents vii 21 TheAfricansystemofhumanrights 481 frans viljoen vi Concludingremarks 509 22 Sharingtheresponsibilitytoprotect:takingstock andmovingforward 511 gentian zyberi Index 531 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS mahasen m.aljaghoub isAssociateProfessorofInternationalLaw, UniversityofJordan,Jordan. diana amne´us is Associate Senior Researcher, Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Lund University, Sweden and Senior Legal Adviser, TemporaryInternationalPresenceinHebron(TIPH). susan c. breau is Professor of International Law, School of Law, FlindersUniversity,Australia. michael contarino is Associate Professor of Politics and Director of the Politics and Society programme at the University of New HampshireatManchester,UnitedStatesofAmerica. hanne cuyckens isPh.D.candidate,CatholicUniversityofLeuven, Belgium. solomon a. dersso isseniorresearcherwiththePeaceandSecurity CouncilProjectoftheInstituteforSecurityStudiesandadjunctprofes- sorofhumanrightsatAddisAbabaUniversity,Ethiopia. daniel fiott isPh.D.researcher,InstituteforEuropeanStudies,Vrije UniversiteitBrussels,Belgium. niki frencken isaninternationalconsultant;MAinconflictstudies andhumanrightsandLL.Minpublicinternationallaw,Amsterdam,the Netherlands. terry d. gill is Professor of Military Law at the University of Amsterdam and at the Netherlands Defence Academy and Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Utrecht, the Netherlands. conall mallory is lecturer in law, University of Northumbria, UnitedKingdom. viii