Hans J. ten Donkelaar David Kachlik R. Shane Tubbs An Illustrated Terminologia Neuroanatomica A Concise Encyclopedia of Human Neuroanatomy An Illustrated Terminologia Neuroanatomica Hans J. ten Donkelaar • David Kachlík R. Shane Tubbs An Illustrated Terminologia Neuroanatomica A Concise Encyclopedia of Human Neuroanatomy Hans J. ten Donkelaar David Kachlík 935 Department of Neurology and Donders Department of Anatomy, 2nd Faculty of Medicine Center for Medical Neuroscience Charles University Radboud University Medical Center Prague Nijmegen Czech Republic The Netherlands R. Shane Tubbs Seattle Science Foundation Seattle, WA USA ISBN 978-3-319-64788-3 ISBN 978-3-319-64789-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64789-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940431 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Recently, the terminology on the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and sensory organs (Organa sensuum) of the Terminologia Anatomica (1998) and the Terminologia Histologica (2008) has been merged and extensively updated by the FIPAT Working Group on Neuroanatomy. After discussion by FIPAT (Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology) in Istanbul, Turkey (August 31–September 1, 2015), and after consultation of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) Member Societies and validation by the IFAA Executive (September 22, 2016, Göttingen, Germany), the Terminologia Neuroanatomica (TNA) was accepted by FIPAT (September 24, 2016, Göttingen, Germany) as its official terminology. It has become available online as TNA February 2017 (TNA; FIPAT 2017b; http://FIPAT.library.dal.ca). Because of its clinical and functional relevance, the TNA includes the blood supply to the CNS (Vasa sanguinea enceph- ali and Vasa sanguinea medullae spinalis) to ensure it has a more or less complete list of terms pertaining to the human nervous system. Chair (John Fraher, Cork, Ireland) and Secretary (Pierre Sprumont, Fribourg, Switzerland) of FIPAT gave permission to use the TNA terminol- ogy in this book. The TNA uses a more natural hierarchical, embryologically based, classification of brain structures for the prosencephalon (forebrain; see Puelles 2013; Puelles et al. 2013) as imple- mented in the revised version of the Terminologia Embryologica (TE2; FIPAT 2017a), which also has come online in February 2017. These major changes in the hierarchy of terms on the CNS prompted the publication of an introductory paper on the TNA in Clinical Anatomy (ten Donkelaar et al. 2017). To make the TNA more useful to a wider audience, the idea of An Illustrated TNA arose with an alphabetical list of neuroanatomical terms in standardized English with American English spelling, the TNA nomenclature in Latin, and illustrations, so A Concise Encyclopedia of Human Neuroanatomy following the excellent example of Radivoj Krstić’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Histology (Krstić 1984). The concise encyclope- dia also includes the sensory organs; those of the skin, muscles, and tendons are presented in the PNS section; and the retina, the internal ear (vestibular and auditory receptors), and the olfactory and gustatory organs are presented in the Organa sensuum section of the TNA, as well as the enteric nervous system. Contents The Illustrated TNA includes an alphabetical list of English official terms and synonyms with the official Latin terms and synonyms from the TNA. With regard to the entries, the name of the item in standardized English is given, followed by synonyms and the official TNA Latin term, Latin synonyms and eponyms, a short description, and in many cases one or more illus- trations. For the brief discussions, Lockard’s (1977) Desk Reference of Neuroanatomy (Springer, New  York-Heidelberg-Berlin) and Hirsch’s (2000) Dictionary of Human Neuroanatomy (Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg) served as examples. To facilitate the use of illus- trations, certain entries such as the gyri or sulci of the cerebral cortex are presented together with extensive cross-references. Terms that form part of a certain structure (such as the v vi Preface amygdaloid body, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus) are listed under that structure. Similarly, the subarachnoid cisterns are discussed under the heading Cisterns. Segments and branches of arteries are discussed under the main artery, for example, the A1–A5 segments under the ante- rior cerebral artery. Most nerves can be found following their origin from the brachial, cervi- cal, and lumbosacral plexuses. However, the major nerves of the limbs are discussed separately as are the cranial nerves. Nuclei can be found by their English name or under Nuclei by their eponym. Illustrations form an important part of this book. They were taken from ten Donkelaar (2011), ten Donkelaar and Oostra (2014), and ten Donkelaar et al. (2006, 2014), and from the collection of Shane Tubbs, many of them were prepared by Mr. Ad Gruter (Nieuwegein) and Mr. David Fisher (Birmingham, Alabama), respectively. Several pictures were contributed by the late Chris van Huijzen (Nijmegen) and Bob Morreale (Mayo Clinic, Rochester) or other- wise taken from the literature. For the forebrain the superb Weigert-stained sections from Jelgersma’s Atlas (Atlas Anatomicum Cerebri Humani, Scheltema & Holkema, Amsterdam, 1931) were used, as published in ten Donkelaar (2011) with permission from the Board of the Anatomical Museum, Leiden University Medical Center. Several plates from the third edition of Olszewski and Baxter’s Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brain Stem, edited by Jean Büttner- Ennever and Anja Horn, were kindly provided by Karger, Basel. Dr. Thomas Karger is thanked for his kind permission to use these excellent plates. Several histological photomicrographs were taken from Finn Geneser’s Textbook of Histology (Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1986) and histological drawings from Radivoj Krstić’s Die Gewebe des Menschen und der Säugetiere (2nd ed., Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1988). Both authors kindly granted their per- mission for the use of their excellent figures. Mrs. Britta Østergaard, publishing editor at Munksgaard, was of great help in providing many digital figures from Genesers histologi (Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 2012). Additional histological pictures were kindly provided by Geoffrey Meyer (Meyer 2016). For the thalamus, Anne Morel kindly gave her permission to use some of the figures from her stereotactic atlas of the human thalamus and basal ganglia (Morel 2007). Several pictures on gross anatomy were kindly provided by Robert Bartoš (Neurosurgical Clinic, Masaryk Hospital, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic) and Ondrĕj Naňka (Department of Anatomy, First Medical Faculty, Charles University Prague). For eponyms, Dobson (1962) is followed in general. More extensive sources such as Pagel (1901), Dumesmil and Bonnet-Roy (1947), Fischer (1962), and Hübotter (1962), the third edi- tion of Gurtl, Wernich, and Hirsch’s 1883 original “Biographisches Lexikon,” Haymaker and Schiller (1968), Shepherd (1991), Clarke and O’Malley (1996), and Swanson (2014) were available for consultation. For Histology, Dhom (2001) is a good source. Alessandro Riva (Cagliari, Italy) was of great help in finding data on certain remarkable persons in (neuro) anatomy. For the eponyms, in general the nonpossessive form is used. Nijmegen, The Netherlands Hans J. ten Donkelaar Prague, Czech Republic David Kachlík Seattle, WA, USA R. Shane Tubbs References Büttner-Ennever JA, Horn AKE (eds) (2014) Olszewski and Baxter: cytoarchitecture of the human brainstem, 3rd ed. Karger, Basel Clarke E, O’Malley CD (1996) The human brain and spinal cord, 2nd ed. Norman Publishing, San Francisco, CA Dhom G (2001) Geschichte der Histopathologie. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York Dobson J (1962) Anatomical Eponyms, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh-London Dumesmil R, Bonnet-Roy F (1947) Les médecins célèbres. Masson, Paris FIPAT (2017a) Terminologia Embryologica, 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative Inter- national Programme for Anatomical Terminology Preface vii FIPAT (2017b) Terminologia Neuroanatomica. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology Fischer I (1962) Biographisches Lexikon der hervorragenden Ärzte der letzten 50 Jahre, 3rd ed, Bd 1 u. 2. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich-Berlin Geneser F (1986) Textbook of Histology. Munksgaard, Copenhagen; recent Danish edition: Brüel A, Christensen EI, Tranum-Jensen J, Qvortrup K, Geneser F (2012) Genesers his- tologi. Munksgaard, Copenhagen Haymaker W, Schiller F, eds (1968) The founders of neurology. One hundred and forty-six biographical sketches by eighty-eight authors, 2nd ed. Thomas, Springfield, IL Hirsch MC (2000) Dictionary of human neuroanatomy. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg Hübotter F, Hrsg (1962) Gurtl, Wernich and Hirsch’s Biographisches Lexikon der hervorra- genden Ärzte aller Zeiten und Völker, 3rd ed, Bd 1-5 u. Ergänzungsbd. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich-Berlin Jelgersma G (1931) Atlas Anatomicum Cerebri Humani. Scheltema and Holkema, Amsterdam Krstić RV (1984) Illustrated encyclopedia of human histology. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg- New York-Tokyo Krstić RV (1988) Die Gewebe des Menschen und der Säugetiere, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin- Heidelberg- New York Lockard I (1977) Desk reference for neuroanatomy. A guide to essential terms. Springer, New York-Heidelberg-Berlin Meyer G (2016) Histology: http://histology-online.com Morel A (2007) Stereotactic atlas of the human thalamus and basal ganglia. Informa Healthcare, New York, London Pagel JC (1901) Biographisches Lexikon hervorragender Ärzte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin-Vienna Puelles L (2013) Plan of the developing vertebrate nervous system. Relating embryology to the adult nervous system. In: Rakic P, Rubinstein JLR, eds, Comprehensive developmental neuroscience. Elsevier, New York, pp 187–209 Shepherd GM (1991) Foundations of the neuron doctrine. Oxford University Press, New York Swanson LW (2014) Neuroanatomical terminology. Oxford University Press, New York ten Donkelaar HJ (2011) Clinical neuroanatomy. Brain circuitry and its disorders. Springer, Heidelberg-Dordrecht-London-New York ten Donkelaar HJ, Oostra R-J, eds (2014) Klinische anatomie en embryologie, 4th ed. Reed Business Education, Amsterdam (in Dutch) ten Donkelaar HJ, Lammens M, Hori A (2006) Clinical neuroembryology. Development and developmental disorders of the human central nervous system. Springer, Berlin-H eidelberg- New York ten Donkelaar HJ, Lammens M, Hori A (2014) Clinical neuroembryology. Development and developmental disorders of the human central nervous system, 2nd ed. Springer, Heidelberg- New York-Dordrecht-London ten Donkelaar HJ, Broman J, Neumann PE, Puelles L, Riva A, Tubbs RS, Kachlik D (2017) Towards a Terminologia Neuroanatomica. Clin Anat 30:145–155 Terminologia Anatomica (1998) International anatomical terminology. FCAT, Thieme, Stuttgart Terminologia Histologica (2008) International histological terminology. FCAT, Lippincott, Wolters-Kluwer, Philadelphia, PA Medical Illustrators David Fisher 810 Saulter Road, Birmingham, AL 35200, USA Ad Gruter, Ereprijs 3, 3434 CN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands ix Contents A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 J, K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 X, Y, Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 xi Contributors Robert H. Baud, Ph.D. Service of Medical Informatics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Axel  Brehmer, M.D., Ph.D. Institute of Anatomy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany Jonas Broman, Ph.D. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neurobiology, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden Jean  A.  Büttner-Ennever, Ph.D. Department of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany Matthew Carlson, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Marco Catani, M.D. Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, Strand, London, UK Andras  Csillag, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Anja K.E. Horn-Bochtler, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology I, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany Ricardo Insausti, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain Geoffrey Meyer, Ph.D. School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia Veronika Němcová, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Luis Puelles, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain Clifford B. Saper, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA Gulgun Sengul, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Anatomy, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey xiii