- L eRKIltT LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OP \ CAIIFOHNU ^7- : AN ENGLISH-MALAY DICTIONARY By Rev. W. G. SHELLABEAR, D.D. Author of "A Practical Malay Grammar," "Malay English Vocabulary" etc. All Rights Reserved SINGAPORE PrintedandPublishedbytheMethodist PublishingHouse, 1916. PREFACE The accomplisliment of the author's original intention, which was to produce an English-Malay Vocabulary containing some three or four thousand words, has been so long deferred through pressure of other literary i\'ork, that it has been thought better to abandon it altogether, especially in view of the fact that other vocabularies have appeared meanwhile which •supply the need for a limited word list. The scope of the original work •has therefore been greatly extended, with the object of producing not a mere Vocabulary but a Dictionary which would be as complete as possible. An intimate acquaintance with Favre's French-Malay and with Klin- kert's Dutch-Malay dictionaries, and tlie constant use of these valuable works during a period of many years, has enabled the author to profit by the experience gained by these writers, and it is hoped that all the essential information contained in these more voluminous works will be found in this volume in a more convenient and accessible form. Subsidiary Exglisii Meaxixgs. The great defect of many dictionaries of Oriental languages is that in looking up an English word one finds a long list of unfamiliar equi- valents, without any indication as to the precise shade of meaning which is to be given to each. The English student is therefore quite at a loss as to which word he should select and similarly the Oriental student who ; is seeking the precise meaning of an English word finds so many almost synonymous equivalents in his own language that he is very little the wiser for his search. In order to obviate this difficulty as far as possible, we have followed the plan of the best English-French and English-German dictionaries, giving a number of English meanings wherever necessary for each English word, and arranging the Malay equivalents under these various headings. These English meanings have been taken in the main from Webster's International Unabridged Dictionary, and in the same order as they are found there, so Avhenever the student finds any ambiguity in these meanings he should refer to Webster's dictionary. The typographic arrangement of Eoman and Italic letters, and the placing of the subsidiary English meanings in parentheses, has been designed so that the particular meaning of the word of which the student is in search will readily meet the eye, and thus the necessity for reading through a whole column of meanings (such as will be found, for instance, in Klinkert's dictionary) will be a^oided, thereby saving nnich time. Proxuxciatioxs of Exglisii Words. Anotlier feature which we believe is rather unusual in dictionaries of Oriental languages is that for the sake of Asiatic students we have given the pronunciation of every English word. These pronunciat;ion8 208 IV PREFACE. are based for the most part on Webster, but we have been careful to follo\r the English usage rather than the American, and for this purpose have consulted three or four other English dictionaries. This feature has added enormousl}' to the labour of the final preparation of the work, and i& responsible for some delay, but we believe that it will be greatly appre- ciated b}' Malay students and Malay-speaking Chinese. Dialectic Differences ix Malay. The Malay language is so widespread, and is spoken by such a variety of different races (Malays proper, Javanese, Sundanese, Achinese, Siamese, and Chinese) that the differences of dialect are very considerable. The Malay spoken on the three great islands of Borneo, Java and Sumatra is not by any means the same. There are variations in different parts of these islands, and along the coast of the Peninsula, the East Coast especial- ly differing from the West. But for the purpose of the English student of Malay or of tlie Malay student of English it is not at all necessary to- consider all the differences of dialect. For practical purposes there are- four main divisions of the Malay language. The first of these is the- pure Malay, which is spoken in Malacca and Johore and the opposite coast of Sumatra (Siak, Indragiri and Jambi) and is known to the Dutch as the Eiouw-Lingga Malay. This is the language of Malay literature, and is understood by educated Malays everywhere. Secondly should be placed the Malay spoken in the north of the Peninsula, w^hich may be called Perak or Penang Malay, and in which Kedah influences appear to predominate. Thirdly tliere is the Malay spoken by the Babas or Straits-born Chinese, which is a very distinct dialect, and is of great importance in a work of this kind, owing to the fact that the Babas nearly all speak English "as well as Malay, and that perhaps the majority of Europeans come in touch with them and learn Malay from them rather than from the Malays. And fourthly we have considered the*Malay spoken in the Netherlands Indies- as a separate dialect, and by this we mean not the so-called Batavia Malay, which contains a very large proportion of Sundanese words, but the Malay spoken in places so widely separated as Banjcrmasin, Pontianak, Palem- bang and Medan, whicli approximates more nearly to the pure Malay, and as compared with the Malay of Java contains only a small admixture of Javanese and Dutch words. For the benefit of Englishmen and Americans; living in the Dutch Indies, and for the increasing number of Chinese who* through the schools of the Tiong Hoa Iloe Koan are learning English, we have given a large number of the words whicli are in general use through- out Netherlands India. Help Received with the Dialects. The author has been very fortunate in being able to obtain valuable- assistance in regard to all these dialectic differences. The first draft of this dictionary from A to L was made in collaboration with a Perak Malay, Mr. Masohor"bin Kulop Endut, and the remainder with a Riouw Malay, Said Abdu'r-rahman. The latter has assisted with the final revision of the whole work, and having living for some years in Palembang, was of PREFACE. V great assistance in regard to the Netherlands Indies words. A great deal of help in regard to such words was also received from Mr. E. A. Van Wulven, who worked with the author all through the preparation of the first draft, turning up words in the Dutch and French dictionaries, and thus rapidly placing these sources of information at his disposal. Many valuable suggestions in regard to words used in the Dutch Indies have also been received from Mr. Goh Leng Inn, a Banjermasin Chinese, and in regard to Perak and Penang words, from Mohamed Said bin Mahomed Hussain, of Alor Star, Kedah, and from Mr. G, M. Laidlaw, of the Civil Service, who for many years was stationed in Perak, and from Mr. Hellier of the Education Department, who read the proof sheets with, his visiting teacher, Haji Osman, of Province Wellesley. It is to be regretted that pressure of time prevented the author from making use of a great number of Penang words suggested by Guru Abdu '1-aziz, a Penang man, who is a visiting teacher in Singapore. These valuable suggestions have been filed for use in a future edition, if such be required. Haji Mohamed Said, Secretary to the Sultan of Johore, has also read the proof sheets and made many helpful corrections and additions. All the work connected with the Baba dialect was done by Mr. Chew Cheng Yong, who translated the Baba version of the New Testament in collaboration with the author, and further help in regard to Baba words has been given by Mr. Goh Hood Keng, by Mrs. Chew Cheng Yong, and by the linotype operator who set the dictionary, Mr. Tan Keng Watt, who is himself a Baba. Malay Eoot Forms Used. In every Malay-English dictionary the Malay words are of necessity to be found only in their root forms, derived forms being grouped under the root heading. Similarly it has appeared to the author to be best in this English-Malay dictionary to give the Malay equivalents for the most part in the root form only. This is contrary to the plan adopted by Favre and by Klinkert, who under "couper^' and "snijden,^' for example, give memotorg, mergerat, memerggal, etc., and Klinkert feels it necessary to add (van potorg) (van kerat) (van perggal). It seems much simpler to give only the root, and to trust to the intelligence of the student to give the proper derived form when using the word. The author has made this innovation in spite of the fact that a Malay will give the words every time in the forms nimotorg, mrgrat, etc., rather than in the root form. For the proper use of the prefix m, and other derived forms, the student is referred to the author's Practical Malay Grammar. Derivations. It is customary in Oriental dictionaries to give derivations, and in a dictionary of Malay words the derivations are of unusual value, owing to the language containing such a large proportion of foreign words. In an English-Malay dictionary, however, the real importance of knowing the derivation of a word is merely to give an indication as to whether the word is likely to be known by the class of person to whom one is speaking or to VI PREFACE. whom one is writing. Thus words of Portuguese, English and Dutch origin are not much known except in the great centres of population, and Arabic words are for the most part only known to Mohammedans, and many of them only to those Malays who have some knowledge of Moslem literature. Some Arabic and Sanskrit words have, however, become so thoroughly incorporated in the Malay language by long usage that they are universally known, and are no longer to be considered as forieign words. In this work the derivation of such words is not given, as for instance, smoa, fihir, umor, hacha, etc. As regard Arabic, Sanskrit, Persian and Hindustani words, it has been thought convenient to omit the derivation from those words which are current to such an extent as to be known to the Baba Chinese. The Baba-Malay Dialect. The importance—of this dialect, as being the business language of the Straits Settlements the medium of communication of the Chinese mer- chants and shopkeepers with the Europeans on the one hand, and the Malays on the other, seems to justify the attention which is given to it in this work. Words and phrases which are not used by the Babas, and would be unfamiliar to them, and perhaps hardly understood, are marked with an asterisk [*], and those which are peculiar to them, being corrup- tions of the pure Malay or actually Chinese words, are marked (B). By — this plan it is hoped to accomplish two purposes (1) to make the dictionary useful to the Babas, and thereby introduce them to many Malay words which they do not know, and which would greatly enrich their vocabulary, and (2) to indicate to European students of Malay those words which are most commonly used in the colloquial language of the Settle- ments, which we think will be a great assistance to the vast majority bf those who come to these lands, and have no ambition to make a thorough study of the language as spoken by the Malays. A dissertation on the subject of " Baba Malay " will be found in the Appendix. Chinese "Loan" Words. A considerable number of Chinese words have become thoroughly in- corporated in the Malay language, and are well known to the Malays. Perhaps the most familiar are chat, chenterg, horgsi, locherg, loterg, sampan and siryJcek, certain terms connected with gambling, and words used by Chinese doctors, such as sergse, m.ek, po'ho, koyoJc, etc. The Chinese words used by the Babas form a far larger class, and a great number of these have not found a place in this dictionary, for where there is a Malay equivalent in common use among the Babas we have not thought it neces- sary to always give the Chinese word. Moreover the Babas use an immense number of Chinese words in connection with their marriage and other ceremonials, which we have not yet had an opportunity to collect. In order to make these loan words accessible to the student of Chinese, we have added in most cases the correct Chinese spelling with the tonal marks as they will be found in Douglas' Dictionary of the Amoy Colloquial, with- out which it would be exceedingly difficult to recognise them. It should