Cefas contract report C3030 An assessment of aquatic radiation pathways in Ireland, 2008 Environment Report RL 16/08 Conducted on behalf of the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland An assessment of aquatic radiation pathways in Ireland, 2008 Environment Report RL 16/08 The Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science Lowestoft Laboratory Pakefield Road Lowestoft NR33 0HT F.J. Clyne, C.J. Garrod, T.M. Jeffs and S.B. Jenkinson 2008 The work in this report was completed under contract to the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland. Cefas Contract C3030 2 CONTENTS SUMMARY 5 1. INTRODUCTION 8 2. THE HABITS SURVEY 9 2.1 Survey aims 9 2.2 Conduct of the survey 9 3. HABITS DATA RECORDING AND MANIPULATION 10 3.1 Data recording 10 3.2 Data manipulation 10 4. SURVEY AREAS 12 4.1 Coastal survey area 12 4.2 Ports to the south of the coastal survey area 15 5. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 17 5.1 Capture fisheries 17 5.2 Aquaculture 19 5.3 Hand collection of molluscan shellfish 19 5.4 Marketing of fish and shellfish 20 6. NON-COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 21 6.1 Angling 21 6.2 Hobby fishing 21 6.3 Shellfish collection from the shore 22 7. EXTERNAL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS 23 7.1 Intertidal activities 23 7.2 Activities in and on water 24 8. UNUSUAL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS 26 8.1 Use of seaweed as a fertiliser 26 8.2 Seaweed consumption 26 8.3 Sand extraction 26 8.4 Livestock grazing on salt marsh 26 8.5 Wildfowling 26 8.6 Dredging navigational channels 26 9. CONSUMPTION AND OCCUPANCY RATES 28 9.1 Internal exposure 28 9.1.1 Fish consumption 28 9.1.2 Crustacean consumption 29 9.1.3 Mollusc consumption 30 9.1.4 Seaweed consumption 31 9.2 External exposure 31 9.2.1 Intertidal activities 31 9.2.2 Handling fishing gear, catch and sediment 33 9.2.3 Activities in and on water 34 3 10. DOSE ASSESSMENT 36 10.1 Methodology 36 Table I. Weighted consumption rates used in the dose assessment 37 10.2 Calculated doses 38 Table II. Committed effective dose to members of the critical groups 38 11. COMPARISON WITH OTHER HABITS DATA AND DOSES 39 11.1 Seafood consumption data 39 Table III. Comparison between consumption rates for fish, crustaceans 39 and molluscs for RPII notional data, Irish data identified in this report and data identified in other habits surveys 11.2 Doses to seafood consumers 40 12. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONITORING 41 13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 43 14. REFERENCES 44 FIGURES Figure 1 The coastal survey area Figure 2 The coastal survey area and harbours between Carlingford and Howth Figure 3 The limits of the Irish Sea (ICES Division Vlla) and the main Nephrops fishing grounds Figure 4 Schematic outline of Republic of Ireland licensed aquaculture areas in Carlingford Lough TABLES Table 1 Adults' consumption rates of fish in the survey area (kg/y) Table 2 Adults' consumption rates of crustaceans in the survey area (kg/y) Table 3 Adults' consumption rates of molluscs in the survey area (kg/y) Table 4 Adults' consumption rates of seaweed in the survey area (kg/y) Table 5 Children's consumption rates of fish in the survey area (kg/y) Table 6 Children's consumption rates of crustaceans in the survey area (kg/y) Table 7 Adults' intertidal occupancy rates in the survey area (h/y) Table 8 Children's intertidal occupancy rates in the survey area (h/y) Table 9 Adults' handling rates of fishing gear and catch, and sediment in the survey area (h/y) Table 10 Children's handling rates of sediment in the survey area (h/y) Table 11 Adults' occupancy rates in and on water in the survey area (h/y) Table 12 Children's occupancy rates in and on water in the survey area (h/y) ANNEXES Annex 1 Adults' consumption rates (kg/y) and occupancy rates (h/y) in the survey area Annex 2 Children's consumption rates (kg/y) and occupancy rates (h/y) in the survey area Annex 3 Glossary of fishing terms 4 SUMMARY This report provides an assessment of aquatic radiation exposure pathways in Ireland relating to anthropogenic radioactivity in the Irish Sea. It comprises:  The results of a habits survey undertaken on the north-east coast of Ireland  A dose assessment using the habits survey data, and 2007 monitoring data provided by the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland  Recommendations for changes to the 2007 east coast of Ireland marine monitoring programme conducted by the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland A habits survey was conducted in 2008 to obtain seafood consumption rates, intertidal occupancy rates, handling rates of commercial fishing gear and catch, and handling rates of sediment, for members of the public in Ireland. For coastal aquatic pathways, the survey area was defined as Omeath to Clogherhead in Co. Louth, and for fishing ports and harbours, the survey area was defined as Carlingford in Co. Louth to Howth in Co. Dublin. The consumption of seafood from the Irish Sea and Carlingford Lough was included. Interviews were conducted with members of the public and data collected for 535 individuals are presented and discussed. The mean consumption rates for the adult high-rate groups were:  Fish 26 kg/y (for 64 high-rate consumers)  Crustaceans 9.7 kg/y (for 22 high-rate consumers)  Molluscs 25 kg/y (for 4 high-rate consumers)  Seaweed 0.50 kg/y (for 1 high-rate consumer) The species breakdown for each high-rate group, rounded to the nearest 5%, were:  Fish – 20% mackerel, 15% haddock and 65% other species  Crustaceans – 35% brown crab, 30% lobster and 30% Nephrops  Molluscs – 75% mussels, 10% Pacific oysters and 10% winkles  Seaweed – 100% dulse (Palmaria palmata) The mean occupancy rates over intertidal substrates for the adult high-rate groups were:  360 h/y over mud (for 15 oyster farmers)  520 h/y over mud and sand (for 1 commercial winkle collector)  50 h/y over mud, sand and stones (for 1 walker)  100 h/y over rock (for 1 angler)  410 h/y over sand (for 10 oyster farmers, 7 dog walkers, 1 angler/dog walker, and 1 individual undertaking watersports preparation)  640 h/y over sand and stones (for 1 winkle collector, 4 shore anglers and 4 dog walkers) 5 The mean handling rates of fishing gear and catch, and sediment, for the adult high-rate groups were:  2500 h/y handling commercial fishing gear and catch (for 31 fishermen handling trawl gear and catch, and 2 fishermen handling dredge gear and catch)  730 h/y handling sediment (for 2 commercial winkle collectors and 15 oyster farmers) The mean occupancy rates of activities in and on water for the adult high-rate groups were:  330 h/y in water (for 16 windsurfers/kayakers, 3 kite-surfers, 3 swimmers and 1 watersports instructor)  3100 h/y on water (for 52 commercial fishermen) Dose assessments were undertaken for two groups of high-rate seafood consumers, Group A and Group B. Group A was assumed to consume 26 kg/y of fish and 10 kg/y of crustaceans, and group B to consume 25 kg/y of molluscs. The dose assessments combined the results of the habits survey with 2007 environmental monitoring data provided by the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland. The annual committed effective dose for critical group A was calculated as 0.29 Sv, which is less than 0.03% of the annual dose limit to members of the public of 1000 Sv, and the annual committed effective dose for critical group B was 0.47 Sv, or less than 0.05% of the annual dose limit to members of the public of 1000 Sv. Recommendations for changes to the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland’s marine environment monitoring programme for the east coast of Ireland based on the findings of this survey are:  Haddock could be substituted for whiting, as it is a similar demersal species but was being consumed in greater amounts.  Herring samples could be discontinued since herring was consumed in very low quantities and monitoring of pelagic fish species is adequately covered by mackerel.  It is suggested that the feasibility of adding a lobster sample to the programme is investigated as lobsters were consumed in significant quantities and they are known to bioaccumulate technetium-99.  It is suggested that the sampling of molluscs is reviewed to investigate the possibility of introducing a sample of winkles to the programme. This recommendation is made because significant consumption of winkles was identified and molluscs tend to contain higher concentrations of radionuclides than crustaceans and fish.  It may be necessary to re-introduce the monitoring of sediments in intertidal areas since individuals were identified with high intertidal occupancy rates, for example on Greenore and Clogherhead beaches.  Beta dose rates from fishing gear could be investigated since individuals with high rates of handling fishing gear and catch were identified. 6 It is considered that all other samples in the current marine monitoring programme are satisfactory and should remain unchanged. 7 1. INTRODUCTION The Irish public may be exposed to radiation as a result of anthropogenic radioactivity in the Irish Sea, notably from the Sellafield Limited nuclear reprocessing site in Cumbria, UK. In Ireland, the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland (RPII) has the statutory responsibility to monitor ionising radioactivity present in the environment and food. A habits survey was undertaken on behalf of the RPII, to provide information about activities carried out by members of the public under everyday circumstances that may influence their exposure to radiation. The control of radiation exposure via routine discharges from nuclear licensed sites in Ireland (and the UK) is based on advice from the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Of relevance are the ICRP 60 Recommendations (ICRP, 1991), which embody the principles of justification of practices, optimisation of protection, and dose limitation. Radiological protection of the public is based on the concept of a ‘critical group’ of individuals. This group is defined as those people who, because of both their residence and habits, receive the highest radiation dose due to the operations of a nuclear site. It follows that, if the dose to this group is acceptable when compared to relevant dose limits and constraints, other members of the public will receive lower doses, and protection from the effects of radiation is provided to members of the public overall. The ICRP have recommended that the term ‘representative person’ be used in preference to the term ‘critical group’ (ICRP, 2007). However, this recommendation has not yet been formally adopted, therefore we continue to use the term ‘critical group’ in this report. Dose standards in Ireland are implemented by the RPII and are based on guidance from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in the Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection (IAEA, 1996) and in European Community legislation in the EU BSS Directive 96/29/Euratom (CEC, 1996). The ICRP recommendation for the dose limit to members of the public from man-made radioactivity is 1 mSv per year and this is accepted internationally. This report provides quantified habits data for members of the Irish public and identifies high- rate groups so that doses to the public can be assessed in a realistic way. A dose assessment using these data and current RPII marine monitoring data was undertaken to quantify dose rates for the critical groups. 8 2. THE HABITS SURVEY 2.1 Survey aims The aim of the survey was to identify aquatic exposure pathways and collect comprehensive information on the habits of the public to enable realistic dose assessments to be calculated. Specifically, investigations were conducted into the consumption of aquatic foods, the occupancy of intertidal areas, the handling of fishing gear and catch, the handling of sediment, the occupancy in and on water, and any unusual exposure pathways. 2.2 Conduct of the survey A review of published data on habits, consumption trends and dose assessments relevant to marine exposure pathways in the survey area was conducted. A meeting was held between RPII and Cefas representatives, during which the review of published habits data was presented and the survey areas were agreed. These discussions provided an outline of the main aims of the survey and highlighted issues that required special attention. As part of the pre-survey preparation, information was gathered relevant to the aquatic exposure pathways in the survey areas. This included contacting people with a local knowledge of the survey area and conducting Internet searches. Information on fisheries and aquaculture in the area was obtained from the Sea Fisheries Protection Authority, the Irish Sea Fisheries Board, the Eastern Regional Fisheries Board, the Central Statistics Office of Ireland, and the Irish Shellfish Association. The survey fieldwork was carried out between 7th – 15th July 2008 using techniques described by Leonard et al. (1982). During the fieldwork, people were interviewed to obtain information on any aspects relevant to aquatic exposure pathways. The survey team targeted potential high-rate consumers of seafood, and individuals undertaking activities on intertidal areas and at sea. Twenty-one person-days were spent conducting interviews and the habits of 535 individuals were recorded. 9