An Archaeological Analysis of Anglo-Saxon Shropshire A.D. 600 – 1066: With a catalogue of artefacts By Esme Nadine Hookway A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of MRes Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham March 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The Anglo-Saxon period spanned over 600 years, beginning in the fifth century with migrations into the Roman province of Britannia by peoples’ from the Continent, witnessing the arrival of Scandinavian raiders and settlers from the ninth century and ending with the Norman Conquest of a unified England in 1066. This was a period of immense cultural, political, economic and religious change. The archaeological evidence for this period is however sparse in comparison with the preceding Roman period and the following medieval period. This is particularly apparent in regions of western England, and our understanding of Shropshire, a county with a notable lack of Anglo-Saxon archaeological or historical evidence, remains obscure. This research aims to enhance our understanding of the Anglo-Saxon period in Shropshire by combining multiple sources of evidence, including the growing body of artefacts recorded by the Portable Antiquity Scheme, to produce an over-view of Shropshire during the Anglo-Saxon period. This approach has revealed that Shropshire was evolving throughout the period. The research demonstrates that through engagement with the Anglo-Saxon Mercian administration, the Catholic Church, Scandinavians and Normans, there were marked changes in religious practices, settlement and trade centres, and political and cultural structures. ii Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature Review ................................................................................................................................ 7 3. Method .............................................................................................................................................. 15 4.1 Settlement ....................................................................................................................................... 20 4.1.1 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 26 4.2 Religion ............................................................................................................................................ 39 4.2.1 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 46 4.3 Economy .......................................................................................................................................... 61 4.3.1 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 66 5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 79 6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 93 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 96 Appendix 1. A Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Objects from Shropshire.................................................... 103 Appendix 2. Locations and evidence for Anglo-Saxon churches ......................................................... 194 Appendix 3. Major Place-names of Shropshire ................................................................................... 199 iii List of Tables Table 4.1.1: Rural population of Shropshire recorded in Domesday Book ........................................... 22 Table 4.1.2: Details of the 'Miscellaneous' population of Shropshire recorded in Domesday Book. ... 23 Table 4.1.3: Artefacts associated with settlements. ............................................................................. 25 Table 4.2.1: Stone sculpture found within church locations. ............................................................... 43 Table 4.2.2: Stone sculpture found outside church locations. .............................................................. 44 Table 4.2.3: Artefacts with a religious association. ............................................................................... 44 Table 4.2.4: The number of churches recorded in the various sources. ............................................... 46 Table 4.3.1: Date range of artefacts. ..................................................................................................... 63 Table 4.3.2: Anglo-Saxon coins found in Shropshire. ............................................................................ 64 Table 4.3.3: Place-names related to economic function. ..................................................................... 65 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Shropshire location map. ...................................................................................................... 1 Figure 1.2: PAS finds by period. .............................................................................................................. 5 Figure 4.1.1: Household figures for settlements in Shropshire recorded in Domesday Book. ............. 22 Figure 4.1.2: Map of woodland coverage. ............................................................................................ 28 Figure 4.1.3: The size and distribution of Anglo-Saxon settlements recorded in Domesday Book. ..... 29 Figure 4.1.4: Early Anglo-Saxon forts and settlement locations. .......................................................... 33 Figure 4.2.1: Map of place-name, architectural and artefact evidence, 7th - 9th centuries. ............... 50 Figure 4.2.2: Location map of churches and sculpture identified in Shropshire, A.D. 700-1066. ........ 55 Figure 4.2.3: Map of the collected evidence for religion in Shropshire, A.D. 700 – 1066. ................... 60 Figure 4.3.1: The number of objects made from different material types. .......................................... 62 Figure 4.3.2: Map of evidence for the earlier Anglo-Saxon economy. ................................................. 68 Figure 4.3.3: Location map of artefacts with Scandinavian influence. ................................................. 72 Figure 4.3.4: Location map of coins. ..................................................................................................... 75 Figure 4.3.5: Location map of mid-later Anglo-Saxon artefacts. .......................................................... 76 Figure 4.3.6: Location map of PAS Early Medieval finds ....................................................................... 77 Figure 5.1: The numbers of Anglo-Saxon artefacts recorded by PAS for English regions. .................... 79 Figure 5.2: Map of evidence from the earlier Anglo-Saxon period. ...................................................... 83 Figure 5.3: Location of Shropshire in relation to the Diocese of Lichfield and the Danelaw ................ 87 Figure 5.4: Map of evidence from the mid-later Anglo-Saxon period. ................................................. 88 Figure 5.5: Map of evidence from the end of the Anglo-Saxon period. ............................................... 91 iv 1. Introduction This research focuses on the use of combining new artefact data from the Portable Antiquities Scheme database with existing sources of archaeological and historical data to create an overview of the religious, economic and settlement changes in Shropshire during the Anglo-Saxon period. Shropshire is located in the western midlands of England on the border with Wales (Figure 1.1). The county of Shropshire was formed during the later Anglo-Saxon period from two areas of tribal territories; the northern half of the territory of the Magonsaete and the southern half of the territory of the Wrocensaete (Hooke, 2005:161). For the purposes of this research the modern county boundary is used to define the study area as this coincides with those of the Historic Environment Record (HER) and the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) for the county. This approach will also make it possible to integrate the findings with other county-based projects in the future. Figure 1.1: Shropshire location map. 1 The usefulness of the PAS database to archaeological studies is becoming increasingly recognised with 422 research projects currently utilising the record (http://finds.org.uk/research). The Viking and Anglo-Saxon Landscape and Economy (VASLE) project has used the PAS dataset in a national study of Anglo-Saxon England which demonstrated the comparatively low level of artefacts from this period discovered in Shropshire and West Central England in general. The authors suggest this may be due to differences in the use of dress accessories in different regions, arguing higher levels of migration in eastern England resulted in a greater use of material objects to display cultural identity (Richards et al, 2009:69). The majority of finds recorded by PAS are discovered by metal-detectorists resulting in an inherent bias in the dataset which needs to be considered. The quantity and location of metal-detectorist finds are subject to numerous factors including the number of detectorists within a given area and the accessibility of land. For this research finds recorded by PAS for Shropshire will be combined with artefact records from the Historic Environment Records (HER) to create a catalogue of Anglo-Saxon finds for the county. This will be combined with other data sources including place-name studies, stone sculpture and architectural studies, excavation reports and historical records. This data will be entered into ArcMap to create both spatial and temporal distribution maps which can be analysed to contribute to our knowledge of the Anglo-Saxon period in Shropshire. This study is focused on the date range A.D. 600-1066. Prior to this there is little information available for the Anglo-Saxon period from which a character assessment could be formed. The seventh century however marks the beginning of a ‘revival’ (http://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/vasle/vasleoverview.html); an increase in trade, 2 settlement and production, as well as the re-emergence of coinage, all seen in England by the end of this century. The spread of Christianity was an important religious, social and economic factor which shaped the development of religious activities and also stimulated the economy and prompted the establishment of new settlements. Although the west of England and Wales remained largely Christian after the end of the Roman period the emergence of a new wave of Christian evangelism following the arrival of Augustine in Kent in 596 and the conversion of Anglo-Saxon kings resulted in a strong bond between Church and State. This powerful combination was to influence both the religious and secular aspects of people’s lives. The construction of Church buildings and the subsequent development of markets along with the creation of urban centres changed the landscape of England dramatically during the period. The ninth century was also a time of immense change as Shropshire became subject to incursions by the Vikings as did the rest of England. Although there are not thought to have been any Viking settlements in Shropshire, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (ASC) does record sporadic Viking attacks from the later ninth century into the early tenth century when Aethelflaed responded by constructing fortresses at Bridgnorth and Chirbury. An increase in the number of artefacts found dating to the later Anglo-Saxon period is seen in Shropshire as elsewhere in England, suggesting an increase in wealth, or in the display of wealth, and a stabilisation in the trade of raw materials and finished objects, further suggesting political and social stabilisation. The Norman Conquest of 1066 is the traditional date marking the end of the Anglo-Saxon period. The Conquest brought social, political and economic changes, some of which are recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. The Domesday survey provides a valuable 3 snapshot of England at the end of the Anglo-Saxon period recording landholders and their tenants, the number of households, buildings and resources. The Anglo-Saxon period covers over 600 years and as Pelteret (2000:xix) states ‘change was inevitable, in mental and religious outlook, in material culture, in social organisation, in political and legal practice’. However as a ‘proto-historic’ period often less is known about the Anglo-Saxon period than the earlier Roman period. There are many forms of documentation from the Anglo-Saxon period, notably the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of England. But even these respected writings are limited in their geographical and political scope with the authors being constrained by their own beliefs, experiences and social contacts (Pelteret, 2000:xxii). Hines (2002) has argued that archaeology can tell a ‘better’ story for this period than can history and indeed archaeology is shedding new light on the period. In the West Midlands region Research Framework (Hines, 2002) it is suggested that finds recorded by PAS will be an important and significant contribution to studies on the Anglo-Saxon period. Recent finds such as the Staffordshire Hoard (www.staffordshirehoard.org.uk) are leading to radical changes in the way in which we think about power, wealth and warfare at this time. However the VASLE project has shown that the finds recorded by PAS for the Anglo-Saxon (Early Medieval) period are considerably lower than those for the preceding Roman period and the following Late Medieval period (Figure 1.2). Due to the lower level of artefact finds, the usefulness of place-name studies and aerial photography were also highlighted in the West Midlands Research Framework. It was concluded that the combined use of these sources together with results from excavations, placed within a regional and national context will be a positive contribution to the study of the Anglo-Saxon period of the West Midlands region. 4 Figure 1.2: PAS finds by period (http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue25/2/2.4.1.html). The aim of this research is to address some of the issues raised by the West Midlands Research Framework. As a border region, Shropshire is of particular interest in understanding cultural interactions and changes in the Anglo-Saxon period and yet there is currently little physical evidence available from the county with which to make such assessments. This research will therefore utilise the new artefact evidence available from the PAS dataset and combine it with existing archaeological and historical sources to assess the value of a multi-disciplinary approach to forming an overview of the Anglo-Saxon period in Shropshire. As a means of assessing the data, it will be discussed within the three themes of religion, settlement and economy. These broad themes encapsulate many elements of the changes which occurred during the Anglo-Saxon period and were chosen as there is enough data available to make general but positive interpretations within each theme, leading to a constructive analysis of Anglo-Saxon Shropshire. The data for each theme will 5