Sponsoring Committees Professor Brian E. Tomlinson, Professor John C. Rockwell, and Professor Samuel J. McLaughlin AN ANALYSIS OF THE TYPE AND DIRECTION OF AGGRESSION AND SOURCES OF FRUSTRATION AS SHOWN BY THE RESULTS OF THE ROSEMZWEIG PICTURE-FRUSTRATION STUDY, RORSCHACH FINDINGS, AND. CASE HISTORY FOR A GROUP OF ANXIETY NEUROTIC AND A GROUP OF PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS Emanuel Starer Submitted in partial fulfillm ent of the reuirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Education of New York University 1950 l'mai* accepted 4 19jjd July 10, 1950 I hereby guarantee that, no p a r t of1 the d issertation or document which I have submitted for p u b lic a tio n has been heretofore published and (or) copyrighted In th e U n ite d S ta te s of America, except in the case of m s sages quoted from o th er o u h lis h e d sources; that I am the sole author and orooriet'br of said d issertation o r docum ent; that the dissertation or document contains no matter w hich., i f pu blish ed , w ill be libelous or otherwise injurious, or in fr in g e in any way the copyright of any other party; and that I will d efen d , in d em n ify and hold harmless New, York University against all s u its and p ro ceed in gs which may be brought and against all claims which may be made a g a in st New York University by reason of the oublication of said d is s e r t a t io n or document. 1 A CKNOWLEDGMENTS The w rite r w ishes to express liis in d eb ted n ess to Dr. B. Tom linson, Dr. 0. R ockw ell, and Dr. S. M cLaughlin fo r th eir c r itic is m s and s u g g e stio n s concerning v a rio u s p arts of the m a n u sc rip t. T heir f r ie n d lin e s s and h e lp f u l advice d id much to f a c i l i t a t e the w r itin g of the th e s is . The w rite r a ls o w ishes to express h is a p p re c ia tio n to th e V eteran s A d m in istra tio n fo r p erm issio n to c o lle c t the m a te r ia l fo r th is s tu d y , to Dr. Flow ers, C h ief P s y c h ia tr is t a t K ings b rid g e V.A. H o s p ita l, Bronx, New Y ork, and to h is s t a f f , to Dr. R. Morrow, C hief P sy c h o lo g ist a t K ingsbridge H o s p ita l and to h is s t a f f , and to D r. B. Locke,. Chief Psy­ c h o lo g is t a t the B rooklyn R egional O ffice fo r h is encourage­ ment and a id . To Miss J. F r i t z , S ta ff P sy c h o lo g ist a t Brooklyn Re­ g io n a l O ffic e , much c r e d i t and thanks is owed for h er in te re s t in the stu d y and h e r independent sc o rin g o f the Rosenzweig P ic tu r e - F r u s tr a tio n S tudy re c o rd s. An ex p ressio n of g r a titu d e is owed to D r. G. Murphy of C ity C ollege of New Y ork, Dr. C. S kinner and the s t a f f a t the New York U n iv e rsity School of E ducation, and to Dr. T, Jenkins of th e G raduate S chool, f o r th e ir h e lp fu ln e s s in p rep a rin g the w r ite r fo r the p re lim in a ry work of th e s is p lan n in g . To my w ife, I r e n e , whose f a i t h in the w rite r h elp ed to make th is th e s is a r e a l i t y , s u f f ic ie n t thanks can never be f u l l y e x p re sse d . TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I THE PROBLEM .................................................................................. 1 Statem ent o f th e P ro b le m ................ 1 S p e cific P ro b le m ..................................................................... 1 D e fin itio n o f T erm s................................................ 2 D e lim ita tio n s .................... 5 S ig n ific a n c e o f th e P ro b lem ......................................... 5 II RELATED STUDIES................... 8 Approaches to F r u s t r a t i o n . . . ...................... 8 Anxiety and A n x ie ty N e u ro s is ........................................ 35 S ch iz o p h re n ia ........................................................................... 45 R esults of P s y c h o lo g ic a l T e sts................................... 62 Rosenzweig P ic t u r e - F r u s tr a tio n S tu d y .. . . . . 62 The W e c h s le r-B e lle v u e In te llig e n c e S c a le .. 64 Rorschach T e s t . . . . . . . ...................................................... 66 I I I PROCEDURE...................................................................................................... 72 The P o p u la tio n . ................................................................... 72 Equating o f G ro u p s....................... 73 D escrip tio n o f I n s tr u m e n ts .............................................. 76 Rosenzweig P ic tu r e - F r u s t r a t io n S t u d y ...... 76 A llp o rt A scen d an ce-S u b m issio n Reaction Study. ..................................................... 80 W ech sler-B ellev u e I n te llig e n c e S cale.............. 82 R orschach T e s t . . . . . ............................................................ 85 Case H is to r y .................................................................................. 89 IV PRESENTATION OF RESULTS............................................................ 90 Rosenzweig P ic t u r e - F r u s tr a tio n Study F in d in g s.................. 90 A llp o rt A scen d an ce-S u b m issio n Reaction Study F i n d i n g s . . . ............................... 98 W ech sler-B ellev u e F in d i n g s .............................................. 99 Rorschach F i n d i n g s . . . ............................................................ 101 Case H is to ry F i n d i n g s . . ...................................................... 106 I l l u s t r a t i v e Case H is to r ie s for the A nxiety N e u ro tic G roup.................................... n o I l l u s t r a t i v e C ase H is to r ie s for the P aranoid S c h iz o p h re n ic Group.............................. 125 V DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA..... 139 Rosenzweig P ic tu r e - F r u s tr a tio n Study R e s u lts ..................................................... 140 A llp o rt A-S S tu d y R e s u l t s ..................... 145 W ech sler-B ellev u e T e s t R e s u lts ,................................. 14^ Rorschach F in d i n g s ............................................ 14Q Case H is to ry F i n d i n g s .............................. 152. CHAPTER Page VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....................................................... 154 V II BEYOND THE DATA........................................... 158 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................... 161 APPENDIX I .......................................................................................................................................... 157 1. L a st Jobs H eld by th e S u b jects P rio r to H o s p ita liz a tio n ......................................................................... 168 I I .......................................................................................................................................... 169 1. W eighted S u b te s t Scores A chieved by the S u b jects on the W ech sler-B ellev u e T est. V erbal I n te llig e n c e Q u o tie n ts, Perform ­ ance I n te llig e n c e Q u o tie n ts, and T otal I n te llig e n c e Q u o tien ts o fa l l S u b je c ts .... 170 I I I .......................................................................................................................................... 172 1. Human Movement Responses Given by the S u b jects on the R orschach T e s t................................. 173 2. Animal Movement Responses given by the S u b jects on the R orschach T e s t................................. 176 IV .......................................................................................................................................... 181 1. Samples o f Responses to th e Rosenzweig Pic tu re -F ru s tr a tio n S t u d y . . . ........................... 182 LIST OP TABLES Table Page I Incidence of D ia g n o s e s and D escriptive Age Data For the A n x ie ty N e u ro tic and Paranoid Schizophrenic G ro u p s ......................................................................... 73 I I E duoational A ch iev em en t In Terms of Years of Schooling C om pleted F or the A nxiety N eurotic and Paranoid S c h iz o p h r e n ic Groups............................. 74 I I I W ech sler-B ellev u e I n te llig e n c e Test IQ fs fo r The A nxiety N e u r o tic (N-3b) and the Paranoid Schizophrenic (N -3 6 ) G roups..................................................... 74 IV Types of O c c u p a tio n and Incidence In the A nxiety N e u ro tic and P aran o id Schizophrenic Groups......................... 75 V Medians and Q ,u a rtile s o f Percentages in the Various S c o rin g C a te g o rie s of the P-F Test fo r the A nxiety N e u r o tic and Paranoid Schizo­ phrenic G r o u p s ................................................................. 91 VI C ritic a l R a tio s f o r th e A nxiety N eurotic and Paranoid S c h iz o p h re n ic Groups on the Various Scoring C a te g o rie s o f th e Rosenzweig P ic tu re - Frus tr a tio n S t u d y . ........................................................ 92 VII A Comparison o f Time In M inutes Taken by the AN and DPP G roups to Com plete the P-F T e st 93 V III Medians and Q u a r t i l e s o f Percentages in the Various S c o rin g C a te g o rie s of the P-F fo r the S ta n d a rd iz a tio n G roup and the AN Group......................... 94 IX C r itic a l R a tio s f o r th e S tan d ard izatio n Group and the AN G roup on th e Various Scoring Cate­ gories of th e P —F . . . ........................................................ 95 X Medians and Q u a r t i l e s o f Percentages in the Various S c o rin g C a te g o rie s of the P-F fo r the S ta n d a rd iz a tio n G roup and the DPP Group 96 XI C r itic a l R a tio s f o r th e S tan d ard izatio n Group and the DPP G roup on th e Various Scoring C ategories o f th e P - F . . . ............................................................. 97 X II Medians and Q u a r t i l e s on the A llp o rt Ascendance- Subm ission R e a c tio n S tu d y fo r the A nxiety Neu­ r o tic and P a ra n o id S ch izo p h ren ic G r o u p s ......... 98 Table Page X III C o rre la tio n s Between the S cores on the A llp o rt A scendance-S ubm ission R e a c tio n Study and the P ercen tag e o f B x tra p u n itiv e Responses on the P-P fo r th e AN Group and For th e DPP G ro u p ..... 98 XIV R e la tio n sh ip s Between VIQ^s and PlQ»s fo r the AN Group (NB3 b ) ..................................... 99 XV R e la tio n s h ip s Between VIQ»s and PIQ*s fo r the DPP Group (N«3fe) . ................................ 99 XVI A Com parison o f th e T e st C h a r a c te r is tic s Re­ p o rte d by W echsler f o r a Group of N eurotics and the T est C h a r a c te r is tic s f o r the AN Group (N=3b) 00 the W e ch sler-B ellev u e In te llig e n c e S c a le .......................................................................................................................100 XVII A Com parison o f the T e st C h a r a c te r is tic s Re­ p o rte d by W echsler f o r a Group of S chizophre­ n ics and th e T e st C h a r a c te r is tic s fo r the DPP Group (NB36) on th e W ech sler-B ellev u e I n t e l l i ­ gence S c a le .............................................. 100 XVIII Means and S tan d ard D e v ia tio n s of the Rorschach B’a c to rs f o r th e A n x iety N e u ro tic Group (N "36)..101 XIX Means and S tan d ard D e v ia tio n s of the Rorschach F acto rs fo r th e p a ra n o id S ch izo p h ren ic Group (N«36)....................................................................................................................102 XX t V alues C h a r a c te r iz in g D iffe re n c e s Between the A nxiety N eu ro tic and P aran o id S chizophrenic Groups on the V arious R orschach F acto rs (N: AN«36; DPP=36)..................................................................................103 XXI A Com parison Showing D ir e c tio n of A ggression as In d ic a te d by th e R osenzw eig p ic tu re -F r u s tr a tio n Study and the R orschach T est fo r the A nxiety N eurotic Group (N"36) . . . . . . . . ...............................................104 XXII A Com parison Showing D ire c tio n of A ggression as In d ic a te d by th e R osenzw eig P ic tu re - F r u s tr a tio n Study and the R orschach T est fo r the Paranoid S ch izo p h ren ic Group (N *36).................................................1 0 5 XXIII M a rita l S t a t u s .............................................................................................106 XXIV Sexual E x p erien ces o f th e S u b j e c t s . . . . . . ...................106 XXV C ond itio n s Condxicive fo r the C ausation of F r u s tr a tio n in the A n x iety N eu ro tic Group (N*3b)................................................................................................................ Table Page XXVI C o n d itio n s C onducive fo r the Causation of F r u s t r a t i o n i n th e Paranoid Schizophrenic Group (N * 3 6 )........................................................................... 109 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM S tatem e n t o f the Problem The p u rp o se of th is I n v e s tig a tio n is to determ ine whether r e l i a b l e d if f e r e n c e s e x i s t in the ty p e and d ir e c tio n of aggres­ s io n and the so u rc e s of f r u s t r a t i o n as shown by the results of the R osenzw eig P ic tu re -F ru s t r a ti o n S tu d y , R orschach findings, and Case H is to r y m a te r ia l fo r a group o f a n x ie ty neurotic pa­ t i e n t s and a group of p aran o id s c h iz o p h re n ic p a tie n ts . S p e c ific Problem s A spects of th e m ain problem w hich are Investigated in­ clude th e fo llo w in g : 1. A com parison of the re sp o n se s on the Rosenzweig P ic tu re -F ru s t r a t i o n Study of the a n x ie ty n e u ro tic group and the p aran o id s c h iz o p h re n ic group w ith th o se o f normal persons. 2 . A com parison of the tim e n e c e ssa ry to complete the P ic tu re -F ru s t r a t i o n S tudy fo r th e a n x ie ty n e u ro tic group and the p a ra n o id s c h iz o p h re n ic group. 3 . A d e te rm in a tio n of the r e la tio n s h ip between outward a g g re ss iv e re sp o n s e s ( e x tra p u n itlv e re sp o n se s) on the Picture- F r u s tr a tio n S tu d y , and ascen d an ce, as m easured by the Allport A scen d an ce-S u b m issio n S tudy, fo r the a n x ie ty n e u ro tic and para­ noid s c h iz o p h re n ic g ro u p s. 2 if.. A co m p ariso n between the findings of W echsler on th e .W echsler-B ellevue I n te llig e n c e Scale for the neurotic and schizophrenic c l i n i c a l groups and the re su lts obtained in th is in v e s tig a tio n . A d e te r m in a tio n of whether re lia b le d iffe re n c e s ex ist in the R orschach s c o r in g categories for the anxiety n e u ro tic and paranoid s c h iz o p h re n ic groups. 6. A q u a l i t a t i v e comparison of the fru s tra tio n s e x p e r i ­ enced by the a n x ie ty n e u ro tic and. the paranoid schizo p h ren ic groups as d e te rm in e d by p sy c h ia tric case h is to rie s . D e f in itio n of Terms F r u s t r a t i o n ,3- f o r the purposes of th is study, s ig n i f i e s th at which o ccu rs w henever the organism meets a more or le s s insurm ountable o b s ta c le or o bstruction in its route to th e s a tis fa c tio n o f any v i t a l need. The stim u lu s-situ atio n r e p r e ­ senting such an im pedim ent may be termed a s tress and the corresponding d i s t r e s s of the organism may be conceived as an augm entation o f te n s io n . Prim ary f ru s t r a t i o n denotes the sheer existence o f an activ e need. Secondary f r u s t r a t i o n ^ emphasizes the supervenient o b s ta ­ cles or o b s tr u c tio n s in the path to the goal of the a c tiv e n eed . The p resen t s tu d y is o rie n te d toward secondary f r u s tr a tio n . F ru stration to lera n ce is the individual's capacity to withstand fr u s tr a tio n without failure of psychobiological ad- justment.3 1. Saul R osenzw eig, "An O utline of F ru stratio n Theory,1’ P e rs o n - a l i t y and. th e B eh av io r D isorders, p. jQo, 2. ibid"., p T T 8 D T “ 5. TSTcT., p. 385.