LLooyyoollaa UUnniivveerrssiittyy CChhiiccaaggoo LLooyyoollaa eeCCoommmmoonnss Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1949 AAnn AAnnaallyyssiiss ooff tthhee PPooeettrryy ooff AAlliiccee MMeeyynneellll oonn tthhee BBaassiiss ooff HHeerr PPeerrssoonnaall PPrriinncciipplleess ooff LLiitteerraattuurree Gertrude Agnes Carter Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the English Language and Literature Commons RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Carter, Gertrude Agnes, "An Analysis of the Poetry of Alice Meynell on the Basis of Her Personal Principles of Literature" (1949). Master's Theses. 744. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/744 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1949 Gertrude Agnes Carter AN ANALYSIS OF THE POETRY OF ALICE MEYNELL ON THE BASIS OF HER PERSOIlAL PRIBCIl'LES OF LlTERAl'URE BY' Sister Gertrude Agnes Carter A THESIS SUBMITTED IN .t'AH.1'!AL FtJLFlLUlENT OF THE REQUIRl!:MENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF AR'rS IN LOYOLA UNIVERSITY June 1949 VITA Sister Gertrude Agnes was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, August 31, 1898. She attended St. Rose Ch'ammar and High Schools in Chelsea. The Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in English was con£erred on her by St. Mary-of-the-Woods College, Indiana, June, 1932. In 1942 she received .t'rom the Indiana State Board of Education a lire license to teach Social Studies in the accredited high schools of Indiana The writer has taught in St. Augus tine Academy, Fort Wayne, Indiana; Providence High School, Chicago, IllinOis; Immaculata Semina1'7, Washington, D. C.; and is now teach ing English at Mar,ywood School, Evanston, Illinois. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. ALICE MEYNELL IN RESPECT TO HER TIME • • • • • • 1 The Literary spirit of England in Alice Meynell s day -- Literary personages frequent t ing 47 Palace Court -- The l1irmer circleff The -- Catholic Literary Revival. II. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALICE MEINELL S POETRY • • • • 14 I Intellectual virility -- Deep affection for places -- for nature - for children -- for the underprivileged -- for her husband and family -- Sacrificial restraint -- Germine spirituality. III. THE UNIFYING THEME OF ALICE MEINELL'S POETRY. • • 35 Expressed in "A Poet of One Mood• - Expressed. ' in other poems. IV. AN ANALYSIS OF THE THEMES OF ALICE MElNELL'S POETRY IN RELATION TO HER PERSONALITY • • • • •• 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 75 - CHAPTER I LIFE OF ALICE MEYNELL IN RESPECT TO HER TIME The England into which JUice Meynell was born and in which she lived for three quarters of a century, was a changing England. The dogmatic "it-is-soll spirit of the Victorian age, dictated by scientific progress, standardized, cheapened, and lluglif'iedll the substantial things of life, and distributed them ws::r through society in a undreamed. of in earlier ages.l That which had been, at the beginning of the Victorian era, an agricultural countr,r, became, in the course of a few decades, a highly organized, indus- trial nation. And the changes which followed in the wake of this revolution a:f'fected unmistakably the political, intellectual, and religious conditions- all potent factors in determining the spirit of nineteenth century litera 2 ture. Generally speaking, Liberalism, which implied a partial or total emancipation of man from the supernatural, moral, and Divine order, was the accepted philosophy of the day. Unrestrained freedom of thought reflected 1 John M. Manly and Edith Rickert, Contemporary Literature (New York: Harcourt, Bruce, and Company, 1921), p. 5. 2 Cf. John W. Cunliffe, Leaders of the Victorian Revolution (New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1934), p. 3. - - 2. the earlier teachings of Rousseau, Kant, and Godwin, namely, that it is contrary to the naturaJ. right and dignity of man for him to subject himself to an authority, the sanction of -which is not in himself. Specifically, this philosophicaJ. trend was demonstrated by Huxley as the intetpreter of Darwin and science; by Herbert Spencer, the noted chanpion of the individual. against the state, as an organizer of all lmowledge into a philosophy of evolution,; by John Stuart Mill, the utilitarian, as the exhibitor of a philosophicaJ. radicalism.. Eventually, the influences brought about bys:ientific speculation and materialistic philosophy were bound to have a most degenerating and. deterior- ating effect. This was "Witnessed in an unhappy skepticism which was bred in men who could neither cope with these tests of faith nor transcend them.. Wi thin the last quarter of the nineteenth century, consequently, we see the proud Victorian spirit lose its self-confidence, and an evident need of spirituaJ. renovation force itself upon the national consciousness.) Literature, in the first part of the century, appeared largely in keeping with the romantic tradition as exemplified in the writings of Words worth, Coleridge, Shelley, and Keats. With the 1ast decades of the century, however, an intense intellectual. activity was evidenced by a group of writers EO were sophisticated, exquisite, and affected. They were in search of beauty, and were seized ,'lith a splendid devotion, not to the inner past, but to all the outer glory and brilliance in which it is enshrined. The doctrine of art for art I s sake they had adopted £rom the French, and .2.f 3 Cf. Emile Legouis and Louis Cazamian, History Literature (New York: Macmillan Compa.ny, 1935), p. 1256. sought to escape life and real!t y in an emotion, a mood~ a picture, or per haps a dream. Their representatives, like the sensuous Swinburne and the exotic Rossetti, glorified beauty, dvrel.t upon the morbid aspects of decq and death in nature, and placed the artists activity outside and above morals. Aesthetes they were styled, with Yfalter Pater their recognized master. Of them G. M. Young wrote: They form no school, their derivation is various~ and their allegiance di vided. But there is a spiritual bond between them in the sense of personal value. The Socratic search for the good had begun to replace ideals which were toppling as their religious foun dations cracked• •••A nd crowding into the picture are pessimists and pagans, the strenuous and decadent, strong, sUent men, and not so silent :feminists, Celts and aesthetes, spiritualists and theo sophists, Whistlers and lti.ldes and Beardsleys all the fads and fancies into vdlich the compact and domestic philosop~ of Victorian England. dissolv ed.4 F.l.nally', the "fin de siecle," 'With its spirit of pessimism, intellec tual anarchy, and an acknowledged feeling of decadence, was represented by a group of exotic writers and art;ists 'Who attempted to destroy the old proprieties which they considered hostile to the spirit o:f their art. The wr:l. tings of Oscar Wilde and Ernest Do1rson, and the art o:f Aubrey Beardsley, to illustrate, demonstrated per:fec~ the artificiality, perversity~ egoism, and curiosity so characteristic of this last decade of the nineteenth . centll1'7. It was tta degeneration," lVrOte Holbrook Jackson, "arising not out 4 G. M. Young, Portrait .2f ~ ~ (London: Oxford University Press," 1934) • ll2. - 4. of senility• ••b ut out of ease with 'Which li£e was maintained and desires satisfied. itS Chesterton aptly labelled the era 'When he commented: "Victorian 1t6 England was in a state which some called liberliy and some call lockjaw. But in either case a neo-paganism engrossed the minds of men. The loss of faith in all traditions, the 10neJ.y responsibility of each in-, dividual for his own opinion and ideas,' the intellectual and spiritual chaos of these latter dqs have sent men groping in various o/ections for a foothold of reality. They lacked that strength and force of re1igion "Which makes directions sure and foothold secure. .And the remedy was effected by a Catholic reaction which was admittedly "one of the great phenomena of nineteen centur;r thought. 8 It Nowhere VIas the intellectual strength of England so concentrated and organized as in the Oxford. Movement, vdlich by definite and dogmatic bonds, directed back to God many of the most acute thinkers of the age. If the Church is a supernatural. society, they reasoned, it should not be hampered by state politics. If God had revealed truths, He meant them to be be lieved in their entirety; they were not to be subjected to the method of 5 Holbrook Jackson, The Eighteen Nineties (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1923), p. 650 --- 6 G. K. Chesterlion, The Victorian Age in Literature (New York: Henry' Holt and Company, 1913), p. 206. - 7 C. G. Osgood, The Voice of ~and (New York: Harper and Brother,'- 1935), P. 574. --- - 8 Katharine Bregy The Poets' Chant • • , 5. choice and rejection which the Protestant reformers had initiated. Con Sequently, these men revolted against Victorian society's attempt to sUb stitute naturalism for the revealed truths of Christianity. They made religion their prime preoccupation, and it, in turn, had its reflection in literature. The Catholic Literary Revival or Renaissance had begun, and. through the spiritual and scholarly efforts of Newman, its great founder, thousands were drawn f'rom the slavery of Victorian doubt and unbelief. His was a tremendous effort to reestablish the structure of spirituality as a world-force, measuring the notion of modern progress by the ancient immut- able standards of Christianity. If the mid-nineteenth century saw the £lowering of Catholic literature in the splendid works of Newman, De Vere, Patmore, and Hopkins, with little or no recognition from no~atholic sources, the l890's gave pro~se and a degree of encouragement to those writers pledged to the cause of the Catholic Literary Revival. While the nineteenth century, therefore, did much to destroy or to discredit faith, it sinmltaneously harbored in its household men and women who not only believed in God but made it the business of their lives to tell of their personal love of HilIl. Here, then, is the nineteenth century, a strange cOJIq>osi te, mothered by smug ness, fathered by revolt, himself the parent of atheistic evolution and Catho lic revival, of pessimist and mystic. Tutored in the schools of nature, Greek culture, German philOSOphy, and English hero worship, blown about by the winds of French rationalism and materialism, he yet hears the call of a longer inheritance of holiness and faith. Torn between skepticism and sanctity, he hears a - 6. host of voices singing of the one Teacher he has questioned most.9 Millt antly significant in this host of singing voices was the protest- ing voice of .Alice M'eynell. IIDecivilizationlt is her word for the contempor- ary tendencies which she 80 heartily deplored.. .And fI'Withered traditions" she styled Victorial degeneration, and explicitly condemned them in her writings. li:>re frequently, however, her protests were implicitly expressed indeed, so implicitly that her very reserve gave added force to her utter- ances. Alice Meynell, regarded by some as the feminine counterpart of the great Newman, was born in London in 1847. From her mother's sweet, spontan eous nature she inherited a charm and tenderness, a sympathy and sensitivity; !rom her cultivated, fastidious father, a scholarly love of precision and an intellectual integrity. And her early life, we are told was a nomadic one; they halted nowhere for much longer than one would pitch a tent. The fathert s choice took them wandering about Italy; and the Mother's attachments brought them back to vari ous impermanent homes in the neighbor hood of her family in Eng1 and. The little girls' education was the care of their father, sometimes carried on in the logia of an Italian v.Ula, some times in English towns and v.Ulages~' and greatly in the journeys and halting lO places that ·lay between. 9 Sister Madeleva, "The Religious Poetry of the Nineteenth Centuryt II Chaucer's Nuns and Other Essays (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1927), p.139. - - 10 Viola Meynell, Alice Meynell: !. Memoir (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1929), p. 12• •