Page 1 of 61 An Adventist Curriculum Needs Assessment: A Global Survey of Secondary School Teachers Glynis Bradfield, Pretoria St. Juste, and Jerome Thayer Andrews University Page 2 of 61 An Adventist Curriculum Needs Assessment: A Global Survey of Secondary School Teachers Introduction Building redemption-oriented schools of excellence (Dulan, 2003), “demands the most devoted, faithful workers and the very best methods of labor, in order that a strong influence for Christ and the truth may be constantly exerted” (White, 1948, p. 721). Although Seventh-day Adventist higher education has long been the focus of the General Conference, Adventist secondary education has received relatively little attention and support. However, recently the General Conference has taken steps to focus on Seventh-day Adventist secondary education. In 2005 the General Conference Office of Education funded a global needs assessment study as the first step towards better resourcing of information, integration of faith in learning training, and technology for the improvement of Adventist secondary education. The Curriculum and Instruction Resource Center Linking Educators (CIRCLE) was invited to conduct this evaluative study. CIRCLE is coordinated from the School of Education on the campus of Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan. CIRCLE seeks to build awareness of what resources are available and provides a clearinghouse where resources developed from an Adventist worldview can be accessed, and continually added by Adventist educators. CIRCLE has the potential to link Adventist educators who have resources with those who need them, anytime, anywhere. Setting up the Study To determine those issues which were of greatest importance to stakeholders, the research team, Glynis Bradfield, principal researcher and Director of CIRCLE, and her research assistants, dialogued directly with the General Conference education director and ten division Page 3 of 61 leaders. The study included twelve divisions: East-Central Africa, Euro-Africa, Inter-American, North American, Northern Asia-Pacific, South American, South Pacific, Southern Africa-Indian Ocean, Southern Asia, Southern Asia-Pacific, Trans-European, and West-Central Africa. No Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools were operating in the Euro-Asia Division at the time of this study. From these interviews (see questions in Appendix A) it became evident that 1) Bible curriculum and resources to prepare Adventist secondary teachers to integrate faith in learning (IFL) were priority concerns for most leaders, and 2) knowledge of what resources were available, used and needed to teach from the Adventist worldview at the secondary level was limited. Findings from the first global secondary teacher survey conducted by Paul Brantley (2003) provided insights and raised additional questions. As a result, the research team decided to use a secondary teacher survey to investigate the following questions: 1. How do Adventist secondary teachers perceive the philosophy of integrating faith in learning? How, if at all, are they practicing this Adventist worldview? 2. To what extent are secondary teachers aware of available Adventist curriculum resources? 3. Which of these faith-integrating resources, if any, do secondary teachers actually use? 4. What kinds of resources, ideas and support are considered useful in integrating faith and learning in the classroom? How effective are resources actually used perceived to be? 5. What factors negatively impact teaching from an Adventist world view? 6. How can the needed resources best be delivered to Adventist secondary schools? Page 4 of 61 7. How have resource awareness, usage and needs changed since the first global survey of high school teachers in 1997? Research Method Population The objective of this research was to determine secondary teachers’ perceptions of how to integrate faith in learning, and to determine the availability and use of resources that facilitate teaching from an Adventist worldview. As a result, all secondary teachers within the Seventh- day Adventist education system formed the population from which a sample was taken. From this population individual schools were selected. Every second high school from those listed in the Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook online at AdventistDirectory.org as of April 2005 was invited to participate in the survey. A total of 265 schools were included. The Seventh- day Adventist Yearbook does not provide information on the number of teachers employed at individual schools hence we cannot identify how many teachers were in the sample. Those teachers who had access to the internet completed their surveys online; others completed email or paper versions. Ten surveys were mailed to each school without an email address, and the principal was requested to copy surveys for all teachers, or if this was not feasible, to randomly select at least one teacher per subject area to participate. The Instrument Responses from interviews (Appendix A) with ten division directors provided the researchers with an understanding of priority issues to be investigated and guided the development of the research questions in this needs assessment of Adventist secondary education. One survey instrument, with five sections (A – E) namely; background information, Page 5 of 61 integrating faith in learning, resource availability, resource use, and problems in integrating faith in learning, was developed. The researchers used Brantley’s 1997 secondary teacher survey instrument to guide them in developing survey questions. In order to compare data, many questions included in the 2005 survey were identical. To enrich data, Part C, general resource availability, and Part E, problems impacting the integration of faith in learning, used three point scales rather than yes/no checkboxes used in the 1997 study. Education director interviews guided the rewording of several items and the selection of additional questions. Division and union education directors were then invited to complete the proposed survey as a pilot group. The completed instrument (Appendix B) had eighty-seven (87) items. In 1997, two teachers from each school were randomly selected by subject area to respond. The subject options were science, history, language/literature, math and Bible. Results indicated some differences in perceptions and practices of faith integration. To answer questions about all content areas at the secondary level, the 2005 study included physical education, music and art, and business or technology; it invited all teachers in sampled schools to participate. Division education directors advised the research team that where English, French, Spanish or Portuguese was not the first language, teachers in sampled schools could participate using one of these four languages. The online survey, in English only, was created for the sampled schools where internet access was readily available. Once the survey was made available to all participants, follow-up included as many as seven emails, a second mailing, faxes and telephone calls through March 2006. Survey responses were returned October 2005 through June 2006. Page 6 of 61 Widespread email access and strong education director support resulted in higher percentages of teacher responses for the East-Central Africa, Euro-Africa, North American, Northern Asia-Pacific, and West-Central Africa divisions. These leaders are commended for their support of this study. Limitations Inaccurate or incomplete phone, fax or email addresses negatively affected responses for the Inter-American, South American and Southern Asia-Pacific divisions. Although the research team sent several reminders and even delayed the date for data collection to facilitate this group, the percentage of responses from these divisions was significantly lower. Consequently, these divisions are not adequately represented in the results. This poses a problem for generalization of the study to these regions. Division and union offices of education are encouraged to keep school contact information in the Adventist yearbook updated, to facilitate future research. The French, Portuguese, and Spanish versions of the instrument omitted the option to list ‘other’ teaching assignments in the item that asked for teaching assignments. The French and Portuguese versions listed two age options as 39-49 and 49-59 rather than 40-49 and 50-59 (Appendix B). These discrepancies were as a result of translation problems but presented no critical bias to the research findings. Data Analysis Data was collected by mail, email, fax and through the online survey instrument. All email, fax and some paper responses were manually transferred into the online survey tool. English or Spanish paper responses were scanned and coded directly into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14. The online data set was combined in SPSS with the scanned data. The 1997 data was included for comparative analysis. Page 7 of 61 This report includes descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of the quantitative data. Further analysis will be conducted in response to specific stakeholder questions. Qualitative data (Appendix D) was coded using emergent categories. One researcher analyzed and categorized the qualitative data, with a second reviewing the categories developed to reduce the likelihood of researcher’s bias affecting the results. Results Designed to record only the division, union/mission, and conference/field location, no identification of the individual responding or the specific school was kept. Because the Adventist yearbook does not include the number of teachers in each school, the exact size of the secondary teacher population was not available. The number of individual responses is shown as a percentage of the 830 teachers who identified their division. The number of schools sampled within each division is shown as a percentage of the total sample of 265 schools. This provides a by-division response rate comparing the percentage of schools to the percentage of teachers who responded in that division, as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Responses by Division Division N Schools % Schools % Responses N Responses DIV 1 4 1.5% 2.0% 17 DIV 2 5 1.9% 3.5% 29 DIV 3 8 3.0% 4.1% 34 DIV 4 8 3.0% 5.9% 49 DIV 5 9 3.4% 9.5% 79 DIV 6 11 4.2% 4.6% 38 DIV 7 12 4.5% 2.7% 22 DIV 8 26 9.8% 10.5% 87 DIV 9 35 13.2% 8.8% 73 DIV10 35 13.2% 8.9% 74 DIV11 45 17.0% 8.4% 70 DIV12 67 25.3% 31.1% 258 Totals 265 100.0% 100.0% 830 Page 8 of 61 Demographics The number of baptized Seventh-day Adventist secondary teachers decreased slightly from ninety-nine percent (98.9%) of 461 teachers surveyed in 1997 to ninety-four percent (94.4%) of 834 teachers in 2005.The gender ratio changed from sixty-six percent (66%) male in 1997 to sixty percent (60%) in 2005. Chart 1 illustrates the variation of this ratio by division. Chart 1: Secondary Teacher Gender by Division Division % Male % Female DIV 8 39.7 60.3 DIV 11 47.1 52.9 DIV 10 48.6 51.4 DIV 9 50.6 50 DIV 2 55.2 44.8 DIV 3 55.9 44.1 DIV 7 60.5 39.5 DIV 6 63.6 36.4 DIV 12 66.9 33.1 DIV 1 70.6 29.4 DIV 5 76.6 23.4 DIV 4 91.8 8.2 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% The percentage of secondary teachers who had been Seventh-day Adventists for over 31 years increased from 1997 to 2005 (Table 2). In the same period, the percentage of teachers who were Seventh-day Adventists for less than 20 years decreased (Table 2). A similar change occurred in teacher age (Table 3). Teachers who participated in the 2005 study were older than those who participated in the 1997 study. Page 9 of 61 Table 2: Years an Adventist Total Years Adventist % in 97 % in 05 1-10 yrs 12.2 8.7 11-20 yrs 31.8 24.4 21-30 yrs 27.6 26.9 over 31 yrs 27.3 35.2 Table 3: Teacher Age Teacher Age % in 1997 % in 2005 20-29 21.2 17.4 30-39 35.8 27.6 40-49 26.2 30.7 50-59 14.6 18.5 60's or more 2.3 5.8 The percentage of teachers who had attended higher education was almost identical in 1997 and in 2005. Recruiting and maintaining younger teachers at the secondary level may be an issue. See variations in division data in Appendix C. Further, the number of Adventist teachers who had completed training at Adventist colleges and universities declined as shown in Chart 2. But nearly three quarters (72.2%) of the 319 teachers who attended Adventist secondary schools also attended Adventist colleges for most of their undergraduate education. Seventy-one percent (71.1%) of teachers who attended non-Adventist secondary schools continued with non- Adventist tertiary education. Increased support of Adventist elementary and secondary education may be the best marketing plan for Adventist higher education. Page 10 of 61 Chart 2: Percent of Teachers Who Attended Adventist Schools & Colleges In 1997 In 2005 70 61.9 56 56 60 52.5 50 40.1 40 31 Percent 30 20 10 0 Secondary Undergraduate Graduate Of the 326 teachers who attended Adventist undergraduate colleges or universities, sixty percent (60.4%) continued with graduate studies at Adventist universities. Eighty-six percent (85.5%) of teachers who attended non-Adventist undergraduate education continued in non- Adventist programs at the graduate level. Eighty-seven percent (86.6%) of teachers had a teaching degree and/or held valid certification for their region. Of the 108 who did not have a teaching degree or certification at the time of this study, sixty were working on certification. Secondary teachers were asked to select their major teaching assignment from a list of eight options: bible, biology, business or technology, history, language or literature; math, science and chemistry; music and art, and physical education. The next question gave teachers the option to list additional assignments not included in the subject listing. Thirty teachers indicated they also had administrative, counseling, pastoral or dean responsibilities. Twenty-one teachers listed industrial art, agriculture, food service or home economics as other teaching assignments. ‘Other’ refers to teaching assignments teachers have in addition to their principal subject areas. Entries in the ‘other’ field for geography, government or economics were included