Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2013 "To the Girl Who Wants to Compose": Amy Beach as a Music Educator Nicole Marie Robinson Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MUSIC “TO THE GIRL WHO WANTS TO COMPOSE”: AMY BEACH AS A MUSIC EDUCATOR By NICOLE MARIE ROBINSON A Thesis submitted to the College of Music in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2013 Nicole Marie Robinson defended this thesis on May 30, 2013. The members of the supervisory committee were: Douglass Seaton Professor Directing Thesis Charles E. Brewer Committee Member Vicki McArthur Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Musical Examples...............................................................................................................iv Abstract............................................................................................................................................v 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1 1.1Purpose...........................................................................................................................1 1.2Articles...........................................................................................................................2 1.3Literature, Repertoire, and Method................................................................................3 1.3.1 Review of Literature.............................................................................................3 1.3.2 Repertoire Selection..............................................................................................8 1.3.3 Research Method..................................................................................................9 2. BIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................13 2.1Early Life and Musical Education...............................................................................13 2.2Auto-Didactic Method.................................................................................................18 2.3Travel to Europe..........................................................................................................22 2.4Music Clubs and Educational Activities......................................................................24 3. IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL FACILITY IN PERFORMANCE AND COMPOSITION..........................................................................................................29 3.1Biographical Source of this Musical Value.................................................................29 3.1.1 Performance Technique......................................................................................29 3.1.2 Compositional Technique...................................................................................30 3.2Technical Proficiency Addressed in Beach’s Articles.................................................32 3.2.1 Performance Technique......................................................................................32 3.2.2 Compositional Technique...................................................................................35 3.3Ways in Which Beach’s Works Demonstrate the Value of Technique.......................38 4. BALANCE OF “EMOTION AND INTELLECT”...............................................................49 4.1Biographical Source of this Musical Value.................................................................49 4.2“Emotion and Intellect” Addressed in Beach’s Articles..............................................52 4.3Ways in Which Beach᾽s Works Encourage a Balance of Emotion and Intellect........57 5. IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF AMERICAN COMPOSITIONS, COMPOSERS, AND TEACHERS.......................................................................................64 5.1Biographical Sources of Beach’s Commitment to American Music...........................64 5.2American Music Addressed in Beach’s Articles.........................................................68 5.3Americanism in Beach’s Works for Young Musicians...............................................74 6. CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................77 6.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................77 6.2 Overview of Beach's Contributions to Music Education in America..........................78 6.3 Perspectives and Conclusion........................................................................................80 6.4 Extension and Future Projects.....................................................................................81 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................83 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.........................................................................................................88 iii LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES Example 1. Amy Beach, Children's Carnival Op. 25, no. 1 “Promenade," mm. 1-4 ...................39 Example 2. Amy Beach, Children's Album Op. 36, no. 3 “Waltz," mm. 1-4 ................................42 Example 3. Amy Beach, Eskimos Op. 64, no. 1 “Arctic Nights," mm. 1-4 ..................................44 Example 4. Amy Beach, From Grandmother's Garden Op. 97, no. 2 “Heartsease," mm. 9-16 ..45 iv ABSTRACT Amy Marcy Beach (1867-1944) is best known as having been a child prodigy who became a successful pianist and America’s most prominent female composer of her time. Her compositional education was based on a program of self-study, which emphasized memorization, listening, and a thorough study of masterworks as models. With this auto-didactic education Beach became one of the first American women to be regarded for composing musical works in large forms, when her Mass in E-flat, op. 5, was published in 1890. Beach was also an educator, although not in a traditional manner. At the request of her husband, she never took on students in composition or piano, and she only infrequently coached the students of other teachers. Yet through journal articles, music conference presentations, and contact with regional musical clubs, Amy Beach was able to give advice on piano performance and composition to students throughout the United States, independent of any educational institution or even a private studio. Within Amy Beach’s writings, certain recurring ideas surface that represent some of her most strongly held musical values. These concepts may be traced both in the advice Beach gave to readers of her articles and audiences for her speeches, as well as in the subject matter and style of her compositions. Beach repeatedly emphasized that command of technical facility, balanced by musicality and sensitivity to the subject matter, was essential for both performers and composers. She also believed that an American-based musical education could be just as complete as one received in Europe, with the added benefit of nurturing the American identity of the student musician. Additionally, she encouraged American composers to find musical inspiration in American folk tales, historical events, and literature. Beach demonstrated her musical values in the products of her own compositional career, and she set an example for young musicians and composers in her piano pieces for students. v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose Important concepts that comprise the musical values of Amy Marcy Beach (1867-1944) are present among her writings and compositions. These ideas are found in the advice Beach gave to the students who read her articles and attended her presentations, and in the subjects of her compositions. Beach is recognized as having been a child prodigy who became a successful pianist and America’s most prominent female composer in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. After she had been privately trained in piano by the leading musicians of Boston, her compositional education was based on a program of self-study, which emphasized memorization, listening, and a thorough study of masterworks as models. Although she promised her husband that she would not teach music lessons, Beach was nevertheless an educator who reached out to students and teachers in the United States through journal articles, music conference presentations, and contact with regional musical clubs. Her advice passed on the auto-didactic tools that she found to be successful in her performance and compositional studies, as well as her personal experiences and opinions concerning American identity and style in musical composition. This thesis investigates the mutually reinforcing connections between Amy Beach’s piano teaching pieces and her published writings on technique, performance, the compositional process, and music education in order to identify the central principles of Beach’s musical values. These values include the necessity of technical facility, a balance of “emotion and 1 intellect” in performance and composition, and the importance and value of American compositions, composers, and teachers. 1.2 Articles This thesis primarily draws on statements made by Beach in articles she wrote for The Etude, as well as presentations delivered at the Music Teachers National Association and subsequently printed in the MTNA publication Studies in Musical Education, History, and Aesthetics. The articles in The Etude were published between 1909 and 1944, and Beach᾽s presentations at MTNA were published in 1931, 1932, and 1935. Articles published in The Etude: 1. “Music after Marriage and Motherhood.” The Etude 27/8 (August 1909): 520. 2. “The Outlook for the Young American Composer,” The Etude 33/1 (January 1915): 13-14. 3. “Common Sense in Pianoforte Touch and Technic,” The Etude 34/10 (October 1916): 701-2. 4. “Work Out Your Own Salvation,” The Etude 36/1 (January 1918): 11-12. 5. “To the Girl Who Wants to Compose,” The Etude 36/11 (November 1918): 695. 6. “Don᾽t Give Up Music at the Altar.” The Etude 37/7 (July 1919): 407-8, 420. 7. “The ‘How᾽ of Creative Composition,” The Etude 61/3 (March 1943): 151, 206, 208-9. 8. “The World Cries Out for Harmony,” The Etude 62/1 (January 1944): 11-12. MTNA Presentations: 1. “Emotion Versus Intellect in Music,” Studies in Musical Education, History, and Aesthetics (Music Teachers National Association) 26 (1931): 17-19. 2. “Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of a Vision,” Studies in Musical Education, History, and Aesthetics (Music Teachers National Association) 27 (1932): 45-48. 3. “A Plea for Mercy,” Studies in Musical Education, History, and Aesthetics (Music Teachers National Association) 30 (1935): 163-65. Other Publications: 1. “Why I Chose my Profession: the Autobiography of a Woman Composer,” Mother᾽s Magazine 11 (February 1914): 7-8. Reprinted in Amy Beach, “Amy Beach, Composer, on ‘Why I Chose My Profession,’” in Music in the USA: A Documentary Companion, edited by Judith Tick, 323-29 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). 2. “Music᾽s Ten Commandments as Given for Young Composers,” Los Angeles Examiner (28 June 1915). Reprinted in Adrienne Fried Block, Amy Beach, Passionate Victorian: The Life and Work of an American Composer 1867-1944, 310 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998). 3. “Play No Piece in Public When First Learned,” Musical America 28/9 (September 1918): 9- 10. 2 4. “The Composer᾽s Corner, no. 10: Mrs. H. H. A. Beach,” The Musician 35/7 (July 1930): 21- 22. 5. “The Mission of the Present Day Composer,” Triangle of Mu Phi Epsilon 36 (February 1942): 71–72. 1.3 Literature, Repertoire, and Method 1.3.1 Review of Literature 1.3.1.1 Biographies. The most authoritative and complete biography of Amy Beach available today is Amy Beach, Passionate Victorian: The Life and Work of an American Composer, 1867-1944, published in 1998 by Adrienne Fried Block (1921-2009). Block was the preeminent Beach scholar and a pioneer of feminist studies and of women in American music. Block published frequently on the subject of Amy Beach and her music, including numerous articles, encyclopedia entries, and a critical edition of Beach’s Quartet for Strings, op. 89, for the Recent Researches in American Music series. Another perspective on Amy Beach’s life is provided by the biography authored by Walter S. Jenkins The Remarkable Mrs. Beach, American Composer: A Biographical Account Based on Her Diaries, Letters, Newspaper Clippings, and Personal Reminiscences, edited by John H. Baron and published posthumously in 1994. Jenkins, an acquaintance of Beach’s by way of the MacDowell Colony, used primary source documents to describe the life of Amy Beach through her personal correspondence, the contemporaneous words of others, and the memories of her friends and colleagues. 1.3.1.2 Collections focusing on women in music. Encouraged by the growing trend of gender and feminist studies in the field of musicology, several collections of essays concerning the role of women in music and in the history of music were published in close succession. One of the most prominent volumes is Christine Ammer’s Unsung: A History of Women in American Music (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1980; 2nd ed., 2001). Unsung is an historical survey of the role 3 of women in American music history. A large section of a chapter is devoted to Beach, including the influence of the Beach clubs, and Beach is also mentioned throughout the volume. Another important historical survey is Diane Jezic’s Women Composers: The Lost Tradition Found (New York: The Feminist Press, 2nd ed., 1994). Jezic covers female composers and musicians of all style periods in Western music history from the Middle Ages to the end of the twentieth century, including Amy Beach. Two important research guides are also useful for the study of women in music, and specifically for the study of Amy Beach. Adrienne Fried Block and Carol Neuls-Bates collaborated on the text Women in American Music: A Bibliography of Music and Literature (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979), another milestone volume in the surge of studies on women and American music that began around 1980. Block was a Beach scholar, and this volume is particularly useful for its inclusion of citations concerning Beach, including an extensive list of works. A relatively new research guide in the Routledge series concerning women in music is by Karin Pendle and Melinda Boyd, titled Women in Music: A Research and Information Guide (New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2010). This book has multiple entries on Beach. An essay by Block on Amy Beach, “The Child is Mother of the Woman: Amy Beach’s New England Upbringing,” was included in Cecilia Reclaimed: Feminist Perspectives on Gender and Music, edited by Susan C. Cook and Judy S. Tsou (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994). Block’s contribution to Cook’s edited volume on feminist musicology and gender studies of music is included alongside essays submitted by the leading feminist scholars in musicology. However, this collection is not specific to either American musicians or nineteenth and early twentieth-century music. 4