Amusement Ride-Related Injuries and Deaths in the United States: 2005 Update September 7, 2005 Mark S. Levenson, Ph.D. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Directorate for Epidemiology Division of Hazard Analysis 4330 East West Highway Bethesda, MD 20814 This analysis was prepared by the CPSC staff, has not been reviewed or approved by, and may not necessarily reflect the views of, the Commission. Executive Summary This report presents information from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff on amusement ride injury and fatality incidents. CPSC has jurisdiction over mobile rides, rides that are moved from location to location as part of fairs, carnivals, parties, or other events. It does not have jurisdiction over fixed-site rides, rides that are permanently affixed to a site. The body of this report provides mobile ride injury estimates. To maintain continuity with the past reports and to provide some measure of fixed-site ride injuries, an appendix provides fixed-site ride injury estimates. As in previous reports, inflatable rides, such as inflatable slides and bounces, are considered separately, although many are likely mobile rides. • In 2004, mobile amusement rides accounted for an estimated 2,500 (95% Confidence Interval: 1,600 – 3,500) non-occupational injuries treated in hospital emergency rooms. • There was no statistically significant trend, positive or negative, for mobile amusement ride injuries over the period from 1997 to 2004. • In 2004, inflatable rides, such as inflatable slides and bounces, accounted for an estimated 4,900 (95% Confidence Interval: 1,700 – 8,000) non-occupational injuries treated in hospital emergency rooms. • Inflatable ride injuries had a statistically significant upward trend over the period from 1997 to 2004. • From 1987 to 2002, for mobile and fixed-site amusement rides combined, there were an estimated 4.4 amusement-ride fatalities per year. When this report was prepared, CPSC had reports of 5 amusement ride fatalities in 2004 and 5 in 2003. CPSC may become aware of additional fatalities for the years 2003 and 2004. • When this report was prepared, CPSC had reports of 4 fatalities from inflatable amusement rides. These fatalities occurred from 2002 to 2005. This analysis was prepared by the CPSC staff, has not been reviewed or approved by, and may not necessarily reflect the views of, the Commission. 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary............................................................................................................2 Introduction.........................................................................................................................4 Injuries................................................................................................................................5 Mobile Ride Injuries.......................................................................................................5 Inflatable Ride Injuries....................................................................................................6 Fatalities..............................................................................................................................7 Mobile and Fixed-Site Ride Fatalities............................................................................7 Inflatable Ride Fatalities.................................................................................................9 Methodology.....................................................................................................................10 Injuries..........................................................................................................................10 Fatalities........................................................................................................................11 Appendix 1: Fixed-Site Ride Injury Estimates and Ride Code Table..............................13 Appendix 2: In-Depth Investigations................................................................................15 References.........................................................................................................................17 3 Introduction This report presents information from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff on amusement ride injury and fatality incidents. The CPSC has jurisdiction over consumer products. The Consumer Product Safety Act at Section 3(a)(1) includes amusement rides within the definition of consumer product, and describes an amusement ride as: ...any mechanical device which carries or conveys passengers along, around, or over a fixed or restricted route or course or within a defined area for the purpose of giving its passengers amusement, which is customarily controlled or directed by an individual who is employed for that purpose and who is not a consumer with respect to such device, and which is not permanently fixed to a site. This description includes mobile rides, rides that are moved from location to location as part of fairs, carnivals, parties, or other events. It excludes fixed-site rides, rides that are permanently affixed to a site, such as rides in amusement and theme parks. This report is chiefly concerned with mobile rides. However, CPSC data sources do not distinguish between the two types of rides without additional analysis. Injury and fatality estimates for fixed-site rides are a byproduct of the analysis used to derive the mobile ride estimates. This report provides fixed-site ride estimates to provide continuity with past reports [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] and to provide a range of estimates that may be useful to researchers and policy makers in the fixed-site amusement ride area. There are some methodological concerns relating to the accuracy of the fixed-site injury estimates, due to the geographical constraints of the data collection system, known as NEISS [10], that is the basis for the injury estimates. Fatality estimates are derived from different data sources than the injury estimates and do not experience the concerns relating to the fixed-site injury estimates. For more information on the injury and fatality data sources and estimation, refer to the methodology section of this report and the discussion and analysis of fixed-site injury estimates in the 2003 report [8]. As in previous reports, inflatable rides, such as inflatable slides and bounces, are considered separately, although many are likely mobile rides. The next section of this report gives the injury estimates for mobile amusement rides and inflatable rides. This is followed by a section on fatalities. The section contains summaries of reported fatalities for mobile, fixed-site, and indeterminate-site rides and for inflatable rides. The section also includes an estimate of the number of fatalities for mobile, fixed-site, and unknown-site rides combined. Following the injury and fatality sections is a section describing the methodologies used for the injury and fatality summaries. The report contains two appendices. The first appendix provides estimates of fixed-site amusement ride injuries and a table of intermediate calculations provided for documentation. The second appendix contains summaries of the recent in-depth investigations on amusement ride incidents. 4 Injuries Mobile Ride Injuries Table 1 and Figure 1 give the annual, non-occupational, injury estimates for mobile amusement rides for the years 1997 to 2004. Figure 1 includes the linear estimate of the trend over the period. There was no statistically significant trend, positive or negative, in mobile amusement ride injuries from 1997 to 2004 (p-value 0.443). Table 1: Non-Occupational, Mobile Amusement Ride Injury Estimates. 95% Confidence Year Estimate Interval 1997 3,000 (1,500, 4,500) 1998 3,200 (1,600, 4,700) 1999 3,200 (1,900, 4,400) 2000 4,300 (2,900, 5,700) 2001 2,800 (1,500, 4,100) 2002 3,000 (1,800, 4,200) 2003 3,000 (1,600, 4,300) 2004 2,500 (1,600, 3,500) Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, NEISS. The estimates are rounded to the nearest 100 injuries and may not sum to the totals due to rounding. The estimates for the years 1997 to 2000 have been recalculated to make them comparable to those for the years 2001 to 2004. See Methodology section. Figure 1: Non-Occupational, Mobile Amusement Ride Injury Estimates. 6000 5000 s e uri 4000 nj I d 3000 e t a m 2000 ti s Yearly Estimates E 1000 Linear Fit 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, NEISS. The estimates for the years 1997 to 2000 have been recalculated to make them comparable to those for the years 2001 to 2004. See Methodology section. 5 Inflatable Ride Injuries Table 2 and Figure 2 give the annual, non-occupational injury estimates for inflatable rides for the years 1997 to 2004. Figure 2 includes the linear estimate of the trend over the period. There was a statistically significant positive trend for the years 1997 to 2004 (p-value 0.021). Table 2: Non-Occupational, Inflatable Ride Injury Estimates. 95% Confidence Year Estimate Interval 1997 1,300 (300, 2,300) 1998 1,600 (600, 2,600) 1999 2,200 (1,100, 3,300) 2000 2,000 (700, 3,200) 2001 2,300 (900, 3,700) 2002 3,600 (800, 6,500) 2003 4,300 (1,300, 7,200) 2004 4,900 (1,700, 8,000) Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, NEISS. The estimates are rounded to the nearest 100 injuries. Figure 2: Non-Occupational, Inflatable Ride Injury Estimates. 5000 s e 4000 ri u Yearly Estimates nj I 3000 Linear Fit d e t a m 2000 ti s E 1000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, NEISS. 6 Fatalities Mobile and Fixed-Site Ride Fatalities In the period from 1987 to 2002, the period with complete reporting, there were 57 reported non-occupational fatalities from mobile and fixed-site rides combined. Based on the capture-recapture analysis described in the Methodology section, there were an estimated 71 fatalities from 1987 to 2002 for mobile, fixed-site, and unknown-site rides combined. This represents an average of 4.4 estimated fatalities per year. Table 3 gives the number of reported fatalities for fixed-site, mobile, and unknown-site rides for the period from 1987 to 2004. The reporting for years 2003 through 2004 was incomplete at the time this report was prepared. There were 67 documented fatalities over this period: 46 from fixed-site rides, 13 from mobile rides, and 8 from unknown-site rides. Reporting on known incidents in 2005 is not included because additional information on whether these incidents were ride-related may become available. 7 Table 3: Reported Non-Occupational Amusement Ride Fatalities, 1987-2004. Fixed-Site Mobile Unknown- Year Total Ride Ride Site Ride 1987 4 0 0 4 1988 4 1 3 8 1989 3 0 0 3 1990 0 0 0 0 1991 3 1 0 4 1992 0 2 0 2 1993 1 1 2 4 1994 2 0 0 2 1995 3 1 0 4 1996 2 1 0 3 1997 3 0 1 4 1998 4 2 1 7 1999 6 0 0 6 2000 1 0 0 1 2001 2 1 0 3 2002 1 0 1 2 *2003 3 2 0 5 *2004 4 1 0 5 Total 46 13 8 67 Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, DTHS and IPII. Note: Based on further information, a 2003 fixed-site fatality reported in the 2004 report was determined not to be ride related. *Reporting for these years was incomplete at the time this report was prepared. 8 Inflatable Ride Fatalities CPSC staff is aware of 4 fatalities from inflatable amusement rides in the U.S. These fatalities occurred from 2002 to 2005. Table 4 summarizes these fatalities. Table 4: Reported Non-Occupational Inflatable Amusement Ride Fatalities. Document Number Year State Narrative N0260191A 2002 FL A 21-year-old male broke his neck and died while jumping in an inflatable bounce. G0350014A 2003 IL A 15-year-old male fell head first off an inflatable obstacle course slide and died of traumatic head injury four days after the incident. X0520106A 2004 MN An 18-year-old male died after he fell on his head from an inflatable slide. X0551104A 2005 MA A 24-year-old female died after falling from a 28-foot inflatable climbing wall and striking her head on the pavement. 9 Methodology Injuries Data on non-occupational, amusement ride-related injuries were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) [10]. NEISS is based on a stratified statistical sample of about 100 hospitals with emergency rooms (with 6 or more beds) in the United States and its territories. At NEISS hospitals, data are collected on product-related injuries. For each injury, the data includes codes for product, demographic, and medical information and a short narrative. CPSC staff reviewed all NEISS injury cases for the calendar years 1997 through 2004 containing the product code for amusement rides. The year 1997 was chosen as a starting point, because it is the year that the NEISS sample last underwent a major update to reflect the current population of U.S. hospitals with emergency rooms. Based on information in the narratives of the cases, CPSC staff classified each injury case into one of six mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories: not a ride, fixed-site, mobile, unknown-site, unknown if ride, and inflatable. Cases involving coin-operated rides or free-play attractions often found at restaurants or shopping centers, alpine and water slide amusements, wave machines, mechanical bulls, and playground equipment are examples of cases coded not a ride. Cases involving roller coasters or “whirling” rides are examples of cases coded fixed-site, mobile, or unknown- site rides. If the case narrative stated the name of an amusement park or that the incident occurred at a park, then the case was coded fixed-site. If the narrative stated that the incident occurred at a carnival, fair, or festival, then the case was coded mobile. If the narrative gave no site information, then the case was coded unknown-site. Cases involving inflatable rides, such as inflatable slides and “moon bounces,” regardless of their mobility were coded inflatable. Cases involving a “merry-go-round,” with no indication of whether it was playground equipment or an amusement ride as defined by the Consumer Product Safety Act, are examples of cases coded unknown if ride. Appendix Table A2 contains frequency breakdowns of the six codes. The not a ride and unknown if ride cases were removed from the analysis. For each year, the total sampling weight of the unknown-site cases was allocated to the fixed-site and mobile cases in proportion to the observed total sampling weights of the two categories of cases. The fixed-site and mobile cases with the weights reflecting the allocation of the unknown-site cases were used to produce the estimates of the fixed-site and mobile injuries. Likewise, the inflatable cases were used to produce the estimates of the inflatable injuries. The statistical sample design of NEISS was used to derive national estimates of amusement ride injuries and associated 95% confidence intervals. The 95% confidence intervals provide a measure of the statistical uncertainty of the estimates. The 95% confidence intervals have the property that with 95% statistical confidence they contain the actual number of U.S. injuries. The 95% confidence intervals used in this report are 10