M U S T E R The familiar shape of western cities is changing dramatically. D For long times the urban core was taken for granted as the & focal point for international contacts and day-to-day activities S A in the region. Currently, the urban scope is transforming into L multi centred forms at metropolitan scale. The transition is E T not just a matter of spatial form, it is reflecting social, eco- ( E nomic and cultural processes. The question is what new D identities may develop in such changing historical conditions S . of space and place. ) A The book is a first attempt to analyse m the process of urban transformation in an integral way. The focus is on s t the region of Amsterdam. All con- e tributions are written by senior r d researchers of the Amsterdam study a centre for the Metropolitan Environ- m ment (AME). AME is the interdisci- ISBN90 5356 595 7 plinary urban research institute of H the Universiteit van Amsterdam. u m Sako Musterd is Professor of Urban 9 789053 565957 a Geography. Willem Salet is Professor of n Urban and Regional Planning and the www.aup.nl Scientific Director ofAME. C a SAKO MUSTERD & WILLEM SALET (EDS.) p Amsterdam AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS i t a l Human Capital AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS Adam.HumanCapital 06-03-2003 16:50 Pagina 1 amsterdam human capital Adam.HumanCapital 06-03-2003 16:50 Pagina 2 Adam.HumanCapital 06-03-2003 16:50 Pagina 3 Amsterdam Human Capital Sako Musterd and Willem Salet (eds.) Amsterdam University Press Adam.HumanCapital 06-03-2003 16:50 Pagina 4 Cover illustration:Friso Spoelstra / Hollandse Hoogte Cover design: Kok Korpershoek, Amsterdam Lay-out: Het Steen Typografie, Maarssen isbn90 5356 595 7 nur755 / 906 ©Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2003 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Adam.HumanCapital 06-03-2003 16:50 Pagina 5 Contents FOREWORD 009 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Emergence of the Regional City 013 Spatial Configuration and Institutional Dynamics Sako Musterd and Willem Salet 2. AMSTERDAM IN RETROSPECT 2.1 Amsterdam as the “Compleat Citie” 031 A City Plan read in Five Episodes Geert Mak 2.2 Between Civic Pride and Mass Society 049 Amsterdam in Retrospect Michiel Wagenaar 2.3 The Historical Roots of the Daily Urban System 067 Henk Schmal 2.4 The Economic Restructuring of the Historic City Center 085 Pieter Terhorst and Jacques van de Ven Adam.HumanCapital 06-03-2003 16:50 Pagina 6 3. THE CURRENT STATE: DILEMMAS AND PERSPECTIVES A. The Economic, Infrastructural and Environmental Dilemmas of Spatial Development 3.1 The Randstad: The Creation of a Metropolitan Economy 105 Pieter Tordoir 3.2 Transport and Land Use Concepts for the Emerging Urban Region 127 Luca Bertolini, Frank le Clercq, and Loek Kapoen 3.3 Utilities as Tools for Shaping the City 143 Waste Management and Power Supply Maarten Wolsink 3.4 Regional Greenbelts and the Problem of Institutional Fragmentation 163 Marijke van Schendelen B. The Social Dilemmas of Spatial Development 3.5 Understanding Segregation in the Metropolitan Area of Amsterdam 181 Sako Musterd and Wim Ostendorf 3.6 The Metropolitan Population 199 Origin and Mobility Cees Cortie 3.7 Amsterdam Human Capital: What about Children? 217 Lia Karsten 6 CONTENTS Adam.HumanCapital 06-03-2003 16:50 Pagina 7 3.8 Public Space and the Homeless in Amsterdam 229 Leon Deben C. The Political and Institutional Dilemmas of Spatial Development 3.9 Voting in an Old and a New Town 247 Rinus Deurloo, Sjoerd de Vos and Herman van der Wusten 3.10Spatial Detachment and New Challenges of Metropolitan Governance 269 Willem Salet and Martin de Jong 4. PROSPECTS OF URBANITY: NEW CULTURAL IDENTITIES? 4.1 Landscapes of Power in Amsterdam? 289 Rob van Engelsdorp Gastelaars 4.2 Mixed Embeddedness and Post-Industrial Opportunity Structures 311 Trajectories of Migrant Entrepreneurship in Amsterdam Robert Kloosterman 4.3 Identity and Legitimacy in the Amsterdam Region 331 Gertjan Dijkink and Virginie Mamadouh 5. CONCLUDING CONSIDERATIONS 5.1 Strategic Dilemmas Facing the Amsterdam Region 359 Sako Musterd and Willem Salet LIST OP COPYRIGHTS 369 INDEX 371 7 CONTENTS Adam.HumanCapital 06-03-2003 16:50 Pagina 8 Adam.HumanCapital 06-03-2003 16:50 Pagina 9 Foreword Amsterdam is undergoing a process of gradual but profound urban transformation. As an important node of national and international culture and trade, Amster- dam’s inner city is arguably the most urban of Dutch city centers. This area contained the highest concentrations of specialized professional skills and economic expertise, was the leading center of culture and education, and the cradle of multicultural cos- mopolitanism in the Netherlands. Although this convergence of urban qualities can still be found in the inner city (i.e. it has retained its vitality), the actual meaning of ur- banism or “urbanity” no longer coincides with this particular area. Over the past twen- ty years, many offices and specialized economic activities moved to new functional centers on the urban periphery (or even further). In addition, urban residences are spreading outwards and becoming more differentiated at the regional or metropoli- tan level of scale. Many other urban activities have decentralized as well. Meanwhile, the inner city is adapting itself to a more niche market by focusing on, for example, cul- ture and particular segments of the housing market. The familiar “inner-city urban- ism” is transforming into a sort of metropolitan “network urbanism.” This transformation is not unique to Amsterdam. Most of the major conurbations in Europe and North America are coping with similar challenges. But the historic condi- tions, the paths of dependency and the particular conditions are different everywhere. This book examines how the urban/metropolitan transformation is taking shape un- der the particular conditions of the Amsterdam conurbation. How do economic, social and cultural processes affect this new metropolitan configuration of space and insti- tutions? Naturally, this book also addresses the intriguing question what new urban identities might develop in such changing historical conditions of space and place. The issue of metropolitan transformation currently lies at the heart of internation- al research on urban and regional development and governance, and the internation- al comparative perspective is reflected in the contributions to this book. International comparisons, however, usually focus on particular aspects of urban growth. By focus- ing this collection on one particular region, we sought to cover a wider range of per- spectives on metropolitan dynamics. The book deals with both the spatial and eco- nomic aspects and the cultural, political, and institutional potentials of development. We are proud to say that all of the contributions were written by senior researchers at 9