Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Teaching and Learning Module K. Denise Kendall, Ph.D. Kristin Rearden, Ph.D. Matthew L. Niemiller, Ph.D. Funding provided by the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Tennessee - Knoxville Dear Educator, We are pleased to present you with an Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (ARC) teaching and learning module. ARC aims to engage Kindergartner to 4th grade students in biology while promoting student learning of the Tennessee state science standards and fostering positive attitudes toward amphibians and reptiles. We have chosen amphibians and reptiles for this teaching module because these animals have been successfully used in formal and informal education settings to promote student learning and interested in science. Many students are intrigued by the slimy and slithery nature of these organisms; however, they have also heard expressions such as: “Toads give you warts,” or “The only good snake is a dead snake.” Therefore, we hope these lessons enable teachers to address student misconceptions and apprehensions regarding these unique organisms. Given that education reform strives to incorporate authentic science experiences, ARC is designed to promote student learning by encouraging them to think, and act, like a scientist. ARC is designed to provide students with background information early on, and then progression to inquiry driven lessons focused on conservation challenges and diversity loss. We intend this module to be a guide. Teachers are welcome to use the lessons in any order they wish, use just portions of lessons, and may modify the lessons as they wish. Furthermore, educators may share these lessons with other school districts and teachers; however, please do not receive monetary gain for lessons in ARC. ARC has been created and disseminated by Drs. K. Denise Kendall, Kristin Rearden, and Matthew L. Niemiller. Funding for ARC has been graciously provided by the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Tennessee Knoxville. An electronic version of ARC, as well as images of amphibians and reptiles, can be found on Dr. Niemiller’s website http://www.herpetology.us/ARC/ Additional amphibian and reptile teaching lessons will also be posted on this website as they become available. Sincerely, K. Denise Kendall, Ph.D. Kristin Rearden, Ph.D. Matthew L. Niemiller, Ph.D. 1 Table of Contents Lesson Alignment with Tennessee State Science Standards .......................................................... 3 Kindergarten ................................................................................................................................ 3 First Grade ................................................................................................................................... 4 Second Grade .............................................................................................................................. 5 Third Grade ................................................................................................................................. 6 Fourth Grade ............................................................................................................................... 7 Background for Teachers ................................................................................................................ 8 Amphibians ................................................................................................................................. 8 Reptiles ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Amphibian and Reptile Conservation ....................................................................................... 12 How Big? ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Activity ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Journal/writing prompts ............................................................................................................ 16 Size Diversity ........................................................................................................................ 17 Body lengths of adult amphibians and reptiles around the world! ........................................ 18 A list of Amphibians and Reptiles found in Tennessee ......................................................... 19 Chemical Spill!! ............................................................................................................................ 23 Activity ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Demonstration ....................................................................................................................... 23 Student designed experiment ................................................................................................. 24 Similar activities .................................................................................................................... 24 Journal/writing prompts ............................................................................................................ 24 A Toad is a Frog? .......................................................................................................................... 29 Activity ...................................................................................................................................... 29 Journal/writing prompts ............................................................................................................ 29 A Toad is a Frog? .................................................................................................................. 32 Cycle of life! ................................................................................................................................. 37 Activity ...................................................................................................................................... 37 Journal/writing prompts ............................................................................................................ 37 Frog life cycle ........................................................................................................................ 38 Salamander life cycle ............................................................................................................. 42 Why do turtles sunbathe? .............................................................................................................. 44 Activity ...................................................................................................................................... 44 Journal/writing prompts ............................................................................................................ 44 Why do turtles sunbathe? ...................................................................................................... 45 Resources ...................................................................................................................................... 49 Adult Books .............................................................................................................................. 49 Children Books .......................................................................................................................... 49 Amphibian and Reptile Organizations ...................................................................................... 49 2 Lesson Alignment with Tennessee State Science Standards   Kindergarten GLE0007.Inq.1 Observe the world of familiar objects using the senses and tools. GLE0007.Inq.2 Ask questions, make logical predictions, plan investigations, and represent data. GLE0007.Inq.3 Explain the data from an investigation GLE0007.3.1 Recognize that living things require water, food, and air. GLE0007.4.1 Observe how plants and animals change as they grow. GLE0007.10.1 Identify the sun as the source of heat and light. Why do How Chemical A toad is Cycle turtles big? Spill a frog? of life sunbathe? GLE000.7.Inq.1 X X X X GLE000.7.Inq.2 X X X X GLE0007.Inq.3 X X X X GLE0007.3.1 X GLE0007.4.1 X GLE0007.10.1 X 3 First Grade GLE0107.Inq.1 Observe the world of familiar objects using the senses and tools. GLE0107.Inq.2 Ask questions, make logical predictions, plan investigations, and represent data. GLE0107.Inq.3 Explain the data from an investigation. GLE0107.3.1 Recognize that plants and animals are living things that grow and change over time. GLE0107.4.1 Observe and illustrate the life cycle of animals. GLE0107.5.2 Recognize that some organisms which formerly lived are no longer found on earth. Why do How Chemical A toad is Cycle turtles big? Spill a frog? of life sunbathe? GLE0107.Inq.1 X X X X GLE0107.Inq.2 X X X X GLE0107.Inq.3 X X X X GLE0107.3.1 X GLE0107.4.1 X GLE0107.5.2 X 4 Second Grade GLE0207.Inq.1 Observe the world of familiar objects using the senses and tools. GLE0207.Inq.2 Ask questions, make logical predictions, plan investigations, and represent data. GLE0207.Inq.3 Explain the data from an investigation. GLE0207.2.1 Investigate the habitats of different kinds of local plants and animals. GLE0207.2.2 Investigate living things found in different places. GLE0207.3.1 Recognize that animals eat plants or other animals for food. GLE0207.4.1 Compare the life cycles of various organisms. GLE0207.4.2 Realize that parents pass along physical characteristics to their offspring. GLE0207.5.1 Investigate the relationship between an animal's characteristics and the features of the environment where it lives. GLE0207.10.1 Explain why the sun is the primary source of the earth's energy. Why do How Chemical A toad is Cycle turtles big? Spill a frog? of life sunbathe? GLE0207.Inq.1 X X X X GLE0207.Inq.2 X X X X GLE0207.Inq.3 X X X X GLE0207.2.1 X GLE0207.2.2 X GLE0207.3.1 X GLE0207.4.1 X GLE0207.4.2 X GLE0207.5.1 X X X GLE0207.10.1 X 5 Third Grade GLE0307.Inq.1 Explore different scientific phenomena by asking questions, making logical predictions, planning investigations, and recording data. GLE0307.Inq.2 Select and use appropriate tools and simple equipment and conduct an investigation. GLE0307.Inq.3 Organize data into appropriate tables, graphs, drawings, or diagrams. GLE0307.Inq.4 Identify and interpret simple patterns of evidence to communicate findings of multiple investigations. GLE0307.Inq.5 Recognize that people may interpret the same results in different ways. GLE0307.Inq.6 Compare the results of an investigations with what scientists already accept about this question. GLE0307.T/E.1 Describe how tools, technology, and inventions help to answer questions and sole problems. GLE0307.T/E.3 Identify appropriate materials, tools, and machines that can extend or enhance the ability to solve a specified problem. GLE.0307.2.2 Explain how organisms with similar needs compete with one another for resources. GLE0307.3.1 Describe how animals use food to obtain energy and materials for growth and repair. GLE0307.4.1 Identify the different life stages through which plants and animals pass. GLE0307.5.1 Explore the relationship between an organism's characteristics and its ability to survive in a particular environment. GLE0307.5.2 Classify organisms as thriving, threatened, endangered, or extinct. Why do How Chemical A toad is Cycle turtles big? Spill a frog? of life sunbathe? GLE0307.Inq.1 X X X X GLE0307.Inq.2 X X X X GLE0307.Inq.3 X X X X GLE0307.Inq.4 X X X X GLE0307.Inq.5 X X X GLE0307.Inq.6 X X X GLE0307.T/E.1 X X X GLE0307.T/E.3 X X X GLE0307.2.2 X GLE0307.3.1 X X GLE0307.4.1 X GLE0307.5.1 X X X GLE0307.5.2 X X 6 Fourth Grade GLE0407.Inq.1 Explore different scientific phenomena by asking questions, making logical predictions, planning investigations, and recording data. GLE0407.Inq.2 Select and use appropriate tools and simple experiment to conduct an investigation. GLE0407.Inq.3 Organize data into appropriate tables, graphs, drawings, or diagrams. GLE0407.Inq.4 Identify and interpret simple patterns of evidence to communicate the findings of multiple investigations. GLE0407.Inq.5 Recognize that people may interpret the same results in different ways. GLE0407.Inq.6 Compare the results of an investigation with what scientists already accept about this question. GLE0407.T/E.1 Describe how tools, technology, and inventions help to answer questions and solve problems. GLE0407.T/E.3 Identify appropriate materials, tools, and machines that can extend or enhance the ability to solve a specified problem. GLE0407.3.2 Investigate different ways that organisms meet their energy needs. GLE0407.4.2 Differentiate between complete and incomplete metamorphosis. GLE0407.5.1 Analyze physical and behavioral adaptations that enable organisms to survive in their environment. GLE0407.9.1 Collect data to illustrate that the physical properties of matter can be described with tools that measure weight, mass, length, and volume. Why do How Chemical A toad is Cycle turtles big? Spill a frog? of life sunbathe? GLE0407.Inq.1 X X X X GLE0407.Inq.2 X X X X GLE0407.Inq.3 X X X X GLE0407.Inq.4 X X X X GLE0407.Inq.5 X X X GLE0407.Inq.6 X X X GLE0407.T/E.1 X X X GLE0407.T/E.3 X X X GLE0407.3.2 X GLE0407.4.2 X GLE0407.5.1 X X X GLE0407.9.1 X X 7 Background for Teachers The study of amphibians and reptiles is called herpetology and is derived from the Greek words herpeton meaning “creeping animal” and –logia meaning “knowledge.” This includes the 6,400 species of amphibians and 9,300 species of reptiles worldwide. Amphibians and reptiles do not comprise a nature group of organisms, but have been studied together historically because of some biological similarities, including being tetrapod (having four limbs) vertebrates that exhibit ectothermy (regulating their body temperature from their surrounding environment). Amphibians and reptiles are collectively referred to as herpetofauna or “herps.” Amphibians Amphibians are ectothermic vertebrates that inhabit many terrestrial and aquatic habitats around the world. There are around 6,400 species of amphibians and amphibian fossils date back to the Devonian Period 370 million years ago. In addition to being ectothermic, amphibians are characterized by having four limbs without true nails or claws, glandular skin lacking scales that is semipermeable, a three-chambered heart, eggs that lack several surrounding membranes, and a generalized biphasic life cycle. In fact, the word amphibian is derived from Greek words that mean “double life” in reference to the two primary life stages of most amphibians, an aquatic larval stage and a terrestrial or semi-terrestrial adult stage. There are three orders of amphibians, including frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Caecilians are long, limbless amphibians that are both worm-like and snake-like in appearance. Their skin has a number of transverse folds and they have rudimentary eyes. Caecilians vary in length from 3 inches to almost five feet in length and generally are found in underground burrows in tropical regions in Africa, Asia and Central and South America. Almost all amphibians are entirely carnivorous as adults. Amphibian skin is glandular and contains mucous glands to help retain moisture as well as poison glands; however, the poison produced varies widely in toxicity. Some species are benign or only mildly distasteful to predators, while the poison of others can cause severe impairment or even death, such as the poison dart frogs. There are more than 5,500 species of frogs worldwide belonging to the order Anura and found on all continents but Antarctica. The greatest diversity is found in tropical regions. Frogs are generally robust with four limbs, protruding eyes and lack a tail. The hind limbs typically are folded underneath the body at rest. The hind limbs allow many species of frogs to quickly jump away from predators. In fact, one species, the Australian Rocket Frog, can leap over 6 feet, which is more than 50 times its body length! The typical frog is semiaquatic with webbed hind feet for swimming. However, many species are adapted to a variety of other habitats. Some live exclusively in trees and have adhesive toe pads for climbing. Others, like the African Dwarf Frog, have fully webbed feet and live entirely in water. Several ground-dwelling species regularly burrow and have feet adapted for such activities, including toads. Toads are actually frogs but are characterized by having more robust bodies with short hind limbs, warty and dry skin, and large poison glands behind the eyes. They are adapted to drier habitats. Frogs vary widely in color. Some are aposematically (brightly) colored with highly visible reds, oranges and yellows, while others are colored and patterned such that they are camouflaged in their environments to avoid detection by predators. The smallest frog from Papua New Guinea measure just 0.3 inches while the largest, the Goliath Frog, can reach a foot in body length. 8 Frogs have a biphasic life cycle (which means that they have two main life stages): adults and tadpoles. Most frog species lay their eggs in water that develop over a period of a few days to a few weeks. The eggs hatch into an aquatic life stage called a tadpole. Tadpoles, occasionally called polliwogs, have oval-shaped bodies with flattened tails. Tadpoles lack eyelids and have cartilaginous skeletons. They also possess gills on each side of the head that are external but then become internal as a gill pouch develops and covers them. Most tadpoles are herbivorous and have jaws and mouthparts adapted for feeding on algae and other plant matter. However, some species are carnivorous as tadpoles, some even cannibalistic. At the end of the tadpole stage, a frog then undergoes metamorphosis transitioning into the adult form. Major changes in body structure occur including the development of lungs, the disappearance of gills, full development of the limbs, absorption of the tail, repositioning of the eyes, development of the adult jaws, ossification (formation of bones) of the skeleton, among other changes. One metamorphosis is complete, froglets and toadlets leave water to disperse over land and to grow into adults. Most species simply lay their eggs in water and offer no parental care. Some species can lay tens of thousands of eggs in one breeding season. However, up to 20% of frog species are known to care for their eggs and young in some way. This can include guarding their eggs in water or even laying eggs and guarding them on land. In the latter case, adults then transport newly hatched tadpoles to water. Frogs have an external ear drum, the tympanum, on each side of the head for hearing. Vocal communication is very important for many species. During the breeding season, males produce sounds by moving air over their vocal cords and into vocal sacs to attract females. These calls are specific to individual species and can be conducted through both air and water. Females of many species often use suitable mates based on specific call characteristics. Males also recognize the calls of other males when establishing and maintaining territories. Some species are explosive breeders and only call and reproduce during a very specific time of the year, such as desert toads that breed during a rare heavy rainfall event. Species living in less variable and harsh environments may breed anytime throughout the year. Salamanders are far less diverse than frogs, with only about 600 species worldwide in the order Caudata. Much of this diversity is centered in the Southern Appalachians of North America with over 100 species. There are 58 species of salamanders in Tennessee alone. Salamanders resemble lizards in appearance (four limbs and a tail) but differ in that they lack scales and toenails, and have moist skin. However, some species, like the Siren, have only have front limbs, while others, like the Amphiuma, have rudimentary limbs and are fish-like in appearance, resembling eels. The moist skin is typically smooth but some species (the newts) have velvety or even warty skin. Salamanders must keep their skin moist, as many species readily breathe through their skin (also known as cutaneous respiration). In fact, an entire family of salamanders (the Plethodontidae) lack lungs and breathe entirely through the skin! Salamanders vary widely in coloration. Some are drab and blend into their environments, while others are brightly colored, typically with orange, red, or yellow pigment, and exhibiting variously patterns of spots, bars, stripes, and blotches. Salamanders range in size from just over an inch as adults to the 6 foot Chinese Giant Salamander, which can weigh up to 140 lbs! Salamanders are found almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere in North America, Europe and Asia, but also are found in South America and northern Africa. They occupy a variety of habitats from temperate forests to prairies to swamps and rivers. Several species are known exclusively from the highest elevations of the Appalachian Mountains. A few species even live only in caves and have degenerate eyes and reduced pigmentation. 9