AMOS FORTUNE: FREE MAN ELIZABETH YATES WINNER OF THE NEWBERY MEDAL Amos Fortune was born the son of a king in the At-mun-shi tribe in Africa. The year was 1710. At fifteen he was captured by slave traders and brought to Massachusetts, where he was sold at auction. There he lived as a slave until he was sixty years old and able to purchase his freedom. Then he began again to save and subsequently bought the freedom of several others. At seventy Amos Fortune began a settled life for himself with his wife and his adopted daughter in the small village of Jaffrey, New Hampshire. He was an expert tanner, and when he died in 1801, he was one of the most respected citizens of Jaffrey. Today his tombstone can be found in the village churchyard, a memorial to a man "who was born free in Africa, a slave in America, who purchased his liberty professed Christianity, lived reputably, and died hopefully." AFRICA 1725 NIGHT CAME DOWN SWIFITLY over the equatorial forest. There was no lingering of daylight; but, after the snuffing out of the sun, darkness and the bright appearing of stars. No silence came with the darkness, for this was a night alive with song and movement. In the village of the At-mun-shi the people were gathering for their mystic dance that would welcome in the time of herbage, the time for the planting of corn. Into the center of the clearing surrounded by small conical huts that was the village, a wooden drum had been brought. With solemn reverence Saala, the old wise man of the tribe, approached and began beating it. It was not long the only sound in the darkness. Soon smaller drums in distant parts of the clearing took up a beating. Then wooden flutes joined in from the outskirts of the village. Their sound was muted at first but it grew sharper and higher as the men blowing the flutes came nearer. Joined by the beaters on the drums, the sound quickened in pace and fervor as all gathered in a group around the great drum, coming into time with Saala's rhythmic beating. The moon rose high enough for the light to filter through the heavy foliage. It gleamed on the black bodies of the men, on the faces of the women and children who had been gathering in the clearing, summoned by the music and swaying with it like a field of tall grass before the wind. When the flutes and the drums ceased, all the At-mun-shi turned and faced the same way, making obeisance to their chief who sat on a raised platform at one end of the clearing, the moon full on him and his children standing beside him. At-mun, the young prince, was tall and powerfully built, though he had seen no more than fifteen summers. He carried his head high and his eyes flashed. Ath-mun, the twelve-year-old princess, smiled shyly at her tribes- people, then turned to whisper in her father's ear. She leaned against him, hoping to hide the deformed leg that-but for her father's love-- would have caused her to have been drowned as an infant. Only the sacrifice of the imperfect to the God of Life could assure protection for the perfect. But the chief had gone against his tribal code and sacrificed his favorite dog to keep his infant daughter and thus far the God of Life had wreaked no vengeance on him. The At-mun-shi were as pagan as all the tribes in Africa, but they were peaceable and they were, as well, intense in their love of freedom. The chief acknowledged the obeisance of his people and spread his hands before them, palms down, indicating that they might do their own pleasure for the next space of time. The people stood quietly while more and more of the At-mun-shi came in from the jungle to join the group in the clearing. At the outskirts of the village, beyond the circle of conical huts, they laid down their knives and spears. The weapons, lying in their piles without men to hold them, gave back the moonlight's sheen in harmless splendor. This was a night of peace and during it no At-mun-shi would bear anything symbolic of killing. This was the time when the earth was reborn. Saala commenced beating the great drum again and all the smaller drums followed, but in such unison that it was like single reverberations on the night; then flutes picked up the sound. The dancers gathered themselves together, twelve men well matched in size. Slowly they made their way around the open space in the clearing, shoulders, hips, feet translating the sound of flutes and drums into movement. The music quickened, steps grew longer, and guttural voices uttered the incantation which had been said by their fathers and would be said by their children : Earth our mother, Sun our father, Watch while we plant. Moon our sister, Rain our brother, Aid the seeds to bear fruit That the harvest may be good, Enough for us and our children. Over and over the words were repeated as family after family of the At- mun-shi joined in until the forest beyond the clearing echoed and reechoed the chant. Then, at a signal from the chief, the chanting ceased and the dancers fell back, leaving an open space in there midst. At-mun bowed to his father and with a series of leaps covered the distance from the raised platform at one end of the clearing to the open space. There he stood in his full height, lifting his hands palms up to the sky. Then swiftly he knelt, palms down to the earth, bowing his head and pressing his lips to the soil: all that he had, all that he ever would be, he gave to his people. He was their prince, someday to be their chief. He could not do otherwise. Rising, he bounded back to the platform and knelt before his sister. Taking her in his arms, frail and slight of body as she was, he danced with her before the people. "He is strong," they said to each other, voices hushed like the wind through the bamboo. "He is beautiful," they said, smiling to each other like the first light of dawn. "When the time comes he will rule us well," said Saala who had seen many rulers. An old woman tapped her head, "Not with this will he rule," she said, "but so," and she laid her hand upon her heart. "See how he is with his sister." At-mun danced on, swirling his light burden above the heads of the people, then swinging her low. Always Ath-mun smiled, for with her brother she felt safe. At-mun's expression never changed until the dance was over, then he set the small dark girl down on the platform and stood before his father, head bowed. The chief laid his hand on his son's head in approval. At-mun swung around and faced his people while the smile that flashed from his face might have dazzled the moon itself. The drums and the flutes began again to build up an air, and the people began again to sway in time with it. At-mun, young, strong, tireless, leapt into their midst, leading the At-mun-shi in a tribal dance until the whole clearing seethed with joyous ecstatic motion. Dawn was still far distant and this was the night of the year when no one would sleep. Dawn was further off than the invaders creeping silently through the jungle, a hundred black men commanded by three whites. Stealthily they surrounded the village, making sure that their line was within the piles of knives and spears that the At-mun-shi had left. Dropping to their knees at a given signal, they held their guns, took aim and waited, tense and silent, for another signal. One of the white men raised his arm and a hundred muskets blazed into the night. The dancing people stopped and looked skyward. Then they fell to their knees, bewildered, fearful only of one thing that they had offended the Spirit of the Night. The chief slumped forward. All of the muskets but one had been aimed into the treetops. At-mun rose to his feet and bounded across the clearing to kneel by his father. Then, in the strange and fearful stillness of the jungle night, he knew what had happened. He stood tall and held out his hands to his people, but no smile gashed from his lips. There was not time for the At-mun-shi to ac- knowledge the gesture of their new chief. With cries and shouts, the slavers advanced on the village. Seeing them, the At-mun-shi screamed wildly and ran across the clearing, vying to reach their chief who stood above them in strength and power, symbolizing protection. But the slavers, advancing among them, tossed the At-mun-shi about like leaves in a wind. Seizing the strongest and tallest, they quickly clamped wrist and ankle shackles on them, thrusting aside the old men and women, the little children. A white man approached the platform where At-mun was standing, his arm around Ath-mun. The white man uttered a volley of words, sharp, as the sound of the muskets had been in At- mun's ears and less meaningful. But At-mun would not lower himself to respond. When the slaver advanced and tried to separate the brother and sister, At-mun's hold only tightened on the girl. The white man hesitated; he had seen fire flashing from the eyes of the tall black youth and he was afraid. A second white man, fully armed, approached from one side and seeing him gave the slaver courage. Stepping forward, he seized Ath-mun and hurled her to the ground. When At-mun reached out to help her the two whites secured his wrists with bamboo withes and threw him down to chain his ankles. "He's a likely one," the slaver muttered, "and should fetch a good price, but he's dangerous. Tighten those irons." Dawn came. The At-mun-shi men and some of their women stood in a long line chained together in the clearing surrounded by the conical huts. Those whom the slavers had not wanted cowered together, too stunned for any utterance. Commands were barked out that meant nothing to the At- mun-shi. Then the crack of a lash started the long line moving slowly. Seeing them disappear into the jungle, the old men and women and the little children set up a low wailing. It was so soft at first that it was scarcely audible, but it grew in volume and intensity. Desolate, deprived of their youth, their strength, their leadership, what were a handful of old people and children to do in the jungle? The line filed slowly on as the best of the At- mun-shi with bowed heads and bowed shoulders stumbled into the unknown. Only a youth at the end of the line still carried his head high. Past the raised platform they went, past the huddled form of a young girl, and only the sound of her weeping let them know that she was alive. Passing her, At-mun suddenly bent low and said something to her, then he raised his head again. The slaver, bringing up the rear, came forward with his lash. At-mun cringed as he felt it, but he uttered no sound, though for the rest of his life his back would bear the marks made on it by the white man's lash. Ath-mun lifted her head and listened until she could no longer hear the dull thud of footsteps echoing on the jungle floor. She rose to her feet with difficulty, then holding her hands open and outspread as was the custom of her tribe she advanced slowly toward her people. At-mun had reminded her that her birth had made her the servant of her people. He was still a prince, though chains bound him, and she was a princess. Neither one could escape the work they had been born to do. THE MIDDLE PASSAGE THE CAPTIVES WERE LED through the jungle from early dawn until noon, when they reached the bank of a wide river. There they were given water but no food. Under the watchful eyes and ever-pointed muskets of their captors, they were allowed a brief rest while canoes were readied for the journey down stream. Coarse shouts and loud-voiced commands in a meaningless tongue filled the air. The At-mun- shi people, now so tired and hungry that their fright and bewilderment were secondary, squatted on the ground with heads between their knees. At-mun looked from one to another of them, signaling with his eyes, and through the weary group a quiver of hope ran uniting them to him. Whatever they had left behind, whatever lay ahead, their chief was with them, their traditional father. They knew that he would care for them. At-mun realized that he and his people were being enslaved by power and cunning and that they must hide their time until they could effect their release in some way. Slavery was a phase of tribal war, as old as African life itself, but the At- mun-shi had always been a free people, putting no bonds on others and resisting any put on them. At-mun looked from one face to another. He was troubled in his heart about his people for something had made them abashed and spiritless, The slavers ate well and drank freely. Then, while the sun was at its highest, pouring fierce heat upon the land, they crept under crudely constructed shelters of wide palm leaves and slept. No one took any thought of the At-mun-shi. Under the rain of heat they waited patiently, each one knowing that a rain of fire would be his if he moved. When the sun was westering and a breeze had come up to rustle the palms and rip pie the river water, the white men came out from their shelters and started giving brisk commands which the natives in their employ hastened to carry out. The captives were loaded into long canoes-twenty to a canoe--with a native in the stern to direct the course down stream. A white man in the bow faced the captives with musket loaded and leveled on them. Manacled and chained to each other, the At- mun-shi did little more than crouch in the boats, the women moaning to themselves. One of them in the rear canoe still held his head unbowed. He was determined to watch the course they were taking so when the time came that they could assert their freedom he would be able to lead his people back to their own village. The current was swift and the long, narrow, heavily laden canoes moved down it easily. On both banks of the river rose a forest of huge trees from whose tops trailed a network of vines and flowers. Below was the dense undergrowth of the jungle land. Now and again they passed small clearings where hocks of goats grazed and tribes- men watched their goats with more interest than they did the canoes going down the river. At such places, the eye could range inland from the sedgy shore of the river to distant walls of mountains. At-mun, with his keen sight, saw torrents of icy water rushing down rock slopes. Then the trees thickened again. The banks of the river were clothed with giant ferns and mosses. Leaves, large as cloaks, hung down from the trees. Monkeys, chattering in their aerial homes, peered out at the sight of the canoes, and swung from limb to limb to travel with them for awhile. Sometimes, where the river lapped the shore, a hippopotamus lay sunning his great bulk or a crocodile slept with open mouth. The sun, though it had dropped far down the sky, still had the heat of day and the forest blazed and quivered with its beams. Blossoms of brilliant hue were twice beautiful as they found their reflections in the water. All along the way the land cried out the year's new growth. Reds, yellows, greens were still pale with spring, but under the sun's powerful rays they would soon intensify to the fullness of summer's coloring. More and more as the afternoon wore on, they passed places where the land had been subdued. Furrows had been made in it by tribesmen preparing it for tillage, and stone encampments instead of rude huts could be seen on the hilltops. At-mun saw it all. It was to him as if he had reached the world's horizon and stepped across it, so different was it to the world he had known- that one small village, hemmed around by the dense growth of the jungle. Hunger gnawed at At-mun, weariness weighted his limbs, and the seam made by the lash on his back ached in the blaze of the sun. But more than all that he felt something expanding within him: a strange feeling that rose to meet the new world his eyes were absorbing. It was as far from elation as it was from fear, yet it was a compound of each. He who had known nothing but the jungle now found wonder stirring in him that there was a world beyond. Night came and the canoes glided down the river that was as dark as the sky above. They might have been moving through the sky for the stars that found themselves in the water and the points of light that quivered on the rippling waves. The captives, huddling against each other in what comfort they could in their chains, slept. The white man in the bow propped his musket between his knees and leaned his head forward. The steersman shifted less often. And At-mun, turning his head up to the heavens, prayed to the Spirit of the Night, prayed to the Spirit of the River, prayed to the Spirit of his father. And the voice of the land gave answer. This was the time of birth, the time of renewing. The At-mun-shi were a peaceful people who killed the creatures of the jungle only in their need for food and then burned the entrails in expiation to the Spirit of the victim. At-mun knew his strength. He knew that he could break the bamboo withes that bound his wrists. He knew that he could kill with his hands. He clenched his hands together. He was the only man awake in the canoe, but his people would waken at a word and they would do his bidding since he was their chief. The other canoes were lost in the darkness before them. Lifting his head again to the sky patterned with stars, he prayed to the God of Life--greater than the Spirit of the Night, older than the Spirit of the River, wiser than the Spirit of his father. And again the voice of the land gave answer, sighing through the tall trees, echoing in bending fern and willowy reed. This was the time of birth, the time of renewal. This was not the time of death. At-mun leaned his head forward on his knees and slept. Three hours after dawn they reached the place where the river emptied into the sea. Far out on the throbbing water, the At-mun-shi saw a ship with furled sails, riding at anchor. To them it was a great bird sent for their deliverance and in his heart each one hailed it. The canoes were beached and the captives were driven into a line on the shore. Some of the captors waved whips, others brandished guns as they drove the At-mun- shi to the pits. These were a series of holes ten feet deep in the ground and into them the people freed of their shackles were herded. Cocoanuts were split open and tossed into the pits and the people, now almost crazed with hunger, grabbed at them. Coarse leaves followed the cocoanuts and goatskins of water. The captors then laid a rough matting over each pit, rolling heavy stones to the edge to hold the matting in place. Shade from the sun was provided, but such shade offered small protection from the rain. Once a day the matting was drawn away and food was tossed into the pits. And for three weeks the At-mun-shi waited. But they did not wait alone. From time to time, as more raids were made into the interior, more captives were brought back and thrown into the pits. Some were from tribes the At-mun-shi had known as friendly neighbors. Others were ones against whom they had often defended themselves. Still others were unknown. But differences or similarities mattered little in the pits and even language made small bond. Frightened and angry, the captives milled around in their confinement. They fought for the food thrown down to them and had neither hate nor friendship in common, only an animal instinct to survive, though for what end no one knew. At-mun tried to hold together those of his people with him in the pit. But as the days passed they seemed less and less able to respond to him and eyes that had once looked at him with reverence looked at him in a daze, then looked away. The time came when the eyes looking into his bore no recognition in their glance. After three weeks the pits were full and the White Falcon, riding at anchor, was impatient to set sail. During the days her small boats had been going back and forth to the mainland securing foodstuffs and laying in stores-- corn, beans and yams, fruit, cocoanuts, medicinal herbs and vinegar in hogsheads. Once the stores were full, the master was ready to come ashore to do his business with the white traders. He would soon exchange his cargo of molasses and rum, tobacco and gunpowder for a black cargo of slaves. But only the healthiest and largest, the youngest and ablest of all those gathered in the pits would interest him. Before the trade was made, the captives were brought up from the pits and fastened together by twos, at ankles and wrists. They were washed and fed well, then their hair was shaved and their bodies oiled. They stood in a long patient row, like animals trained at last to obey commands. The traders were pleased at what the time and treatment in the pits had done. For the African tribesmen and women now were what they wanted them to be-merchandise that could be exchanged for merchandise. The traders went up and down the line surveying their property. "That tall fellow there," one said, "should be good for a barrel of rum, no less, or twenty pounds sterling." "He'd go for more if he wouldn't hold his head up the way he does," another trader answered. "What the pits didn't do for him the ship will," the first man replied. "He won't be holding his head up when he steps ashore at-where's the Falcon from anyway?" "Boston, but she's going to drop her cargo all along the Atlantic coast. They're needing labor at so many places that she's making half a dozen calls."