AMORAL COMMUNITIES AMORAL COMMUNITIES Collective Crimes in Time of War Mila Dragojević CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON Copyright © 2019 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress. cornell . edu. First published 2019 by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Dragojevic, Mila, author. Title: Amoral communities : collective crimes in time of war / Mila Dragojevic. Description: Ithaca [New York] : Cornell University Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019010038 (print) | LCCN 2019011863 (ebook) | ISBN 9781501739835 (e-book pdf) | ISBN 9781501739842 (e-book epub/mobi) | ISBN 9781501739828 | ISBN 9781501739828? (hardcover ; alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: War and crime—Croatia—History—20th century. | Civilians in war—Violence against—Croatia. | Political violence—Croatia—History—20th century. | Ethnic conflict—Croatia—History—20th century. | Yugoslav War, 1991–1995—Croatia. | War and crime—Uganda—History—20th century. | Civilians in war—Violence against—Uganda. | Political violence—Uganda— History—20th century. | War and crime—Guatemala—History—20th century. | Civilians in war—Violence against—Guatemala. | Political violence—Guatemala—History—20th century. Classification: LCC HV6189 (ebook) | LCC HV6189 .D73 2019 (print) | DDC 364.1/38—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019010038 To my brother To the victims of vio lence Contents List of Illustrations ix Preface xi Abbreviations xvii Introduction: Civilians in Wars 1 1. The Making of Amoral Communities 22 2. Evidence of Amoral Communities 33 3. The Exclusion of Moderates 50 4. The Production of Borders 77 5. Memories and Viol ence 92 6. Vio lence against Civilians as a Po liti cal Strategy 117 Conclusion: Preventing Collective Crimes 142 Appendix: An Excerpt from the Field Notes by Helga Paškvan 147 Notes 155 References 179 Index 193 Illustrations Table 1. Subnational variation of vio lence in World War II and the 1990s and case se lection 17 Figures 1. Map of subnational variation in Croatia xviii 2. Map of counties with mass vio lence against civilians in Croatia, 1991–1995 xix 3. Near the dividing line in Lipik and Pakrac, Western Slavonia 80–81 4. Memorial for victims of rocket attacks in Ivanovo Selo 102 5. Monument for victims of World War II and the vio lence in 1991 in Gornji Grahovljani 104 6. Monument for victims of Bleiburg, Križni put, and the Homeland War in Marino Selo 106 ix